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html:Àgcc“½si“pongó7a“attenzione“all'ordine“dei“parametri;“-l“€è“un'opzione“del“linkæger™Ÿ,“e“deÀvšÙ e“essere“di“conse˜guenzaŽ¡indicata–€DOPO“il“nome“del“le“che“si“intende“compilare.“Questo“aspetto“dierisce“sensibilmente“dalla“normaleŽ¡sintassi–€che“caratterizza“le“opzioni.“Se“si“posiziona“l'opzione“-l“prima“del“nome“del“le,“il“link“pu€ò“fægallire,Ž¡producendo–€messaggi“di“errore“piuttosto“criptici.Ž¦ïhtml:ï html:Ÿ ÕȀȖ€inoltre“possibile“usare“il“linkæger“ïhtml:ï html:Àld(1)“½direttamente,“utilizzandone“le“opzioni“-l“e“-L,“ma“nella“maggior“parte“deiŽ¡casi–€risulta“preferibile“utilizzare“ïhtml:ï html:Àgcc(1)“½dal“momento“che“l'interfægaccia“di“ïhtml:ï html:Àld(1)“½ha“maggiori“probabilit€à“di“subireŽ¡modiche.ŽŸ”ï html:ï html:ŽŸ0ºâïcolor push Black’ÏÃ4ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹6ºn žºâ ýUºâïcolor push Blackïhtml:ïcolor push gray 0ï color popï html:Ÿüfd’jO„ÃPrŒÏoæggr•Ù am›€Libr“ary˜HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ { ýš9ºâÂ3.–ÈLibrerie“condiviseŽºâŸaAïhtml:ï html:Ÿ 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html:http://www‘ÿY .pathname.com/fhs).–€Secondo“l'FHS,“la“maggior“parte“delle“librerie“doÙ vrebbero“essere“installate“inŽ¡ïhtml:ï html:À/usr/lib½,–€tranne“le“librerie“necessarie“all'aÌÐvvio“che“doÙ vrebbero“essere“in“ïhtml:ï html:À/lib½;“inne,“le“librerie“che“non“sonoŽ¡parte–€del“sistema“doÙ vrebbero“essere“in“ïhtml:ï html:À/usr/local/lib½.Ž¦ïhtml:ï html:Ÿ ÕÈNon–€esiste“un“reale“conitto“fra“questi“due“documenti;“gli“standard“GNU“raccomandano“un“comportamentoŽ¡predenito–€per“gli“sviluppatori“di“codice“sorÑðgente,“mentre“l'FHS“raccomanda“il“comportamento“per“chi“distribÌÐuisce“iŽ¡programmi–€(che“in“maniera“seletti•Àv“a–€ridenisce“il“comportamento“prestabilito“nel“codice“sorÑðgente,“di“solito“perŽ¡mezzo–€del“sistema“di“gestione“dei“pacchetti“della“distribÌÐuzione).“Nella“pratica“tutto“questo“funziona“bene:“il“codiceŽ¡sorÑðgente–€"pi€ù“aggiornato"“(ed“eÀvÙ entualmente“bacato!)“che“si“€è“scaricato“dalla“rete“si“installa“automaticamente“nellaŽ¡directory–€"locale"“(ïhtml:ï html:À/usr/local½),“e,“una“vÌÐolta“che“il“codice“ha“raggiunto“uno“stadio“maturo,“i“gestori“dei“pacchettiŽ¡possono–€banalmente“ridenire“il“comportamento“predenito“per“posizionare“il“codice“in“una“locazione“standard“perŽ¡la–€distribšÌÐuzione.“Si“noti“che“se“una“libreria“in™Ÿv˜oca“programmi“che“possono“essere“richiamati“unicamente“da“librerie,Ž¡tali–€programmi“došÙ vrebbero“essere“posti“in“ïhtml:ï html:À/usr/local/libexec“½(che“diÀv˜enta“ïhtml:ï html:À/usr/libexec“½in“unaŽ¡distribšÌÐuzione).–€Una“complicazione“€è“rappresentata“dal“fægatto“che“i“sistemi“deri•Àv“ati–€da“distrib˜uzioni“Red“Hat“nonŽ¡includono–€ïhtml:ï html:À/usr/local/lib“½nel“percorso“predenito“per“la“ricerca“delle“librerie;“per“ulteriori“informazioni“si“vÙ edaŽ¡anche–€la“discussione“che“seÙ gue“a“proposito“di“ïhtml:ï html:À/etc/ld.so.conf½.“L‘ÿ'insieme“delle“directory“comunemente“utilizzateŽ¡include–€ïhtml:ï html:À/usr/X11R6/lib“½per“le“librerie“del“sistema“X-windoÀws.“Si“noti“che“ïhtml:ï html:À/lib/security“½viene“utilizzato“per“iŽ¡moduli–€P‘ÿAM“(Pluggó7able“Authentication“Modules),“ma“questi“sono“di“solito“gestiti“come“librerie“a“caricamentoŽ¡dinamico–€(anche“queste“discusse“pi€ù“aÌÐvÀanti).ŽŸ*8ïhtml:ï html:ŽŸ0ºâïcolor push Black’ÎÊ@Ã6ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹6ã# žºâ ýUºâïcolor push Blackïhtml:ïcolor push gray 0ï color popï html:ŸüfdŸ÷™œïhtml:ï html:Ÿfd’jO„ÃPrŒÏoæggr•Ù am›€Libr“ary˜HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ { ýšºâÆ3.2.–UüCome“le“librerie“vengono“utilizzateŽºâŸ«~ïhtml:ï html:Ÿ T‚½Nei–€sistemi“basati“sulle“GNU“ïhtml:ï html:Àglibc½,“inclusi“quindi“tutti“i“sistemi“Linux,“l'aÌÐvvio“di“un“eseÙ guibile“binario“in“formatoŽ¤ ELF›€atti•Àv“a˜l'esecuzione˜del˜caricatore˜di˜programma.˜Nei˜sistemi˜Linux,˜questo˜caricatore˜ha˜nomeŽ¡ïhtml:ï html:À/lib/ld-linux.so.X›€½(do•Ù v“e˜X˜€è˜il˜numero˜di˜v“ersione).˜T‘ÿ37ale˜caricatore,˜a˜sua˜vÌÐolta,˜localizza˜e˜carica˜in˜memoriaŽ¡tutte–€le“librerie“condiÀvise“utilizzate“dal“programma.Ž©*8ïhtml:ï html:Ÿ 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html:À/etc/ld.so.preload½;“queste“librerie“di“"preloading"“aÌÐvranno“la“precedenza“su“quelle“standard.“Questo“leŽ¡di–€preloading“viene“tipicamente“utilizzato“per“le“correzioni“di“emerÑðgenza“alla“congurazione“del“sistema;“unaŽ¡distribÌÐuzione–€di“solito“non“includer€à“un“simile“le“quando“viene“rilasciata.Ž¦ïhtml:ï html:Ÿ ÕÈLa–€ricerca“attrašÌÐvÙ erso“tutte“queste“directory“all'a˜vvio“del“programma“risulterebbe“gra˜vÙ emente“ineciente,“diŽ¡conseÙ guenza–€in“realt€à“si“utilizza“un“meccanismo“di“cache.“Il“normale“comportamento“del“programma“ïhtml:ï html:Àldconfig(8)Ž¡½consiste–€nel“leÙ ggere“il“le“ïhtml:ï html:À/etc/ld.so.conf½,“congurare“gli“appropriati“link“simbolici“nelle“directory“(cos€ì“cheŽ¡questi–€sešÙ guiranno“le“con™Ÿv˜enzioni“standard)“e“inne“scriÀv˜ere“una“cache“nel“le“ïhtml:ï html:À/etc/ld.so.cache“½che“viene“quindiŽ¡utilizzato–€dagli“altri“programmi.“Questo“všÙ elocizza“enormemente“l'accesso“alle“librerie.“La“conse˜guenza“€è“cheŽ¡ïhtml:ï html:Àldconfig–€½deÀvšÙ e“essere“ese˜guito“ogni“vÌÐolta“che“una“DLL“viene“aggiunta,“quando“una“DLL“viene“rimossa“o“quandoŽ¡cambia–€l'insieme“delle“directory“in“cui“eettuare“la“ricerca“delle“librerie;“spesso“quando“viene“installata“una“libreriaŽ¡uno–€dei“compiti“eettuati“dai“gestori“di“pacchetti“consiste“nell'esecuzione“di“ldcong.“All'aÌÐvvio“di“un“programma,Ž¡quindi,–€il“caricatore“dinamico“in“realt€à“utilizza“il“le“ïhtml:ï html:À/etc/ld.so.cache“½e“carica“quindi“le“librerie“di“cui“necessita.Ž¦ïhtml:ï html:Ÿ ÕÈAd–€ogni“modo,“FreeBSD“utilizza“nomi“di“le“lešÙ ggermente“diÀv˜ersi“per“questa“cache.“Sotto“FreeBSD,“la“cache“per“ilŽ¡formato–€ELF“€è“ïhtml:ï html:À/var/run/ld-elf.so.hints“½e“la“cache“per“il“formato“a.out“€è“ïhtml:ï html:À/var/run/ld.so.hints½.“QuestiŽ¡le–€sono“comunque“aggiornati“da“ïhtml:ï html:Àldconfig(8)½,“di“conseÙ guenza“questa“dierenza“di“collocazione“nel“lesystemŽ¡doÙ vrebbe–€assumere“una“qualche“importanza“solo“in“rare,“"esotiche",“situazioni.Ž¦ïhtml:ï 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html:À/lib/ld-linux.so½.“Si“de˜vÙ e“inoltreŽ¡notare–€che,“per“quanto“LD_LIBRAR‘ÿY Y_P‘ÿA‘þã×TH“funzioni“per“molte“delle“vÀarianti“di“Unix,“non“funziona“per“tutte;“perŽ¡esempio,–€questa“funzionalit€à“€è“disponibile“sotto“HP-UX“ma“come“vÀariabile“d'ambiente“SHLIB_P‘ÿA‘þã×TH,“mentre“sottoŽ¡AIX–€la“vÀariabile“€è“LIBP‘ÿA‘þã×TH“(con“la“medesima“sintassi,“una“lista“separata“da“doppi“punti).ŽŽŸ0ºâïcolor push Black’ΡHÃ7ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹6úi žºâ ýUºâïcolor push Blackïhtml:ïcolor push gray 0ï color popï html:Ÿüfd’jO„ÃPrŒÏoæggr•Ù am›€Libr“ary˜HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ {ºâ ýïhtml:ï html:Ÿ ½LD_LIBRAR‘ÿY Y_P‘ÿA‘þã×TH–€risulta“comoda“per“lo“sviluppo“e“le“operazioni“di“test,“ma“non“došÙ vrebbe“v˜enire“modicata“nelŽ¤ corso–€di“una“procedura“di“installazione“al“ne“di“essere“utilizzata“dai“comuni“utenti;“si“vÙ eda“"Whó7yŽ¡LD_LIBRAR›ÿY Y_P‘ÿA‘þã×TH–€is“Bad"“al“link“ïhtml:ï html:http://www˜.visi.com/~barr/ldpath.html“per“una“illustrazione“dei“motiÀvi.Ž¡Ciononostante,–€oltre“ad“essere“utile“per“lo“sviluppo“e“le“operazioni“di“test,“l'uso“di“questa“vÀariabile“permette“talvÌÐoltaŽ¡di–€aggirare“problemi“che“non“potrebbero“essere“risolti“diÀvšÙ ersamente.“Se“non“si“desidera“interv˜enire“sulla“vÀariabileŽ¡d'ambiente–€LD_LIBRAR‘ÿY Y_P‘ÿA‘þã×TH,“sotto“Linux“si“pu€ò“eÀvÙ entualmente“in™ŸvÌÐocare“direttamente“il“caricatore“diŽ¡programma–€passandogli“dešÙ gli“arÑðgomenti.“Per“esempio,“il“se˜guente“comando“utilizza“il“PERCORSO“fornito“inŽ¡sostituzione–€al“contenuto“della“vÀariabile“LD_LIBRAR‘ÿY Y_P‘ÿA‘þã×TH“ed“aÌÐvvia“l'ESEGUIBILE“indicato:ŽŸ³3‘ ÌÌÀ/lib/ld-linux.so.2–ff--library-path“PERCORSO“ESEGUIBILEŽ©½L‘ÿ'esecuzione–€di“ld-linux.so“senza“arÑðgomenti“fornisce“ulteriori“informazioni“sul“suo“utilizzo,“ma,“ancora“una“vÌÐolta,Ž¡non–€€è“consigliabile“ricorrere“a“questo“metodo“se“non“per“operazioni“di“debÌÐug.ŽŸ*8ïhtml:ï html:ŸÕÈÇ3.3.2.‘ǧLD_DEBægUGŽŸ30ïhtml:ï html:Ÿ 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html:Àsysdeps/generic/dl-sysdep.c½.–€Questo“signica“che“fægacendo“coincidere“uid“e“gid“con“l'euid“e“l'eÙ gid“e“quindiŽ¡chiamando–€un“programma,“queste“vÀariabili“aÌÐvranno“un“eetto“completo.“Altri“sistemi“Unix“gestiscono“questaŽŽŸ0ºâïcolor push Black’ÏÃ8ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹ 6‹ žºâ ýUºâïcolor push Blackïhtml:ïcolor push gray 0ï color popï html:Ÿüfd’jO„ÃPrŒÏoæggr•Ù am›€Libr“ary˜HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ { ýšºâ½situazione–€in“modo“dierente,“ma“per“la“stessa“ragione:“un“programma“con“setuid/setgid“non“doÙ vrebbe“essereŽ¤ ºâindebitamente–€inuenzato“dalla“congurazione“delle“vÀariabili“d'ambiente.ŽºâŸ*8ïhtml:ï html:Ÿ!obÆ3.4.–UüCreare“una“libreria“condivisaŽŸ&aïhtml:ï html:Ÿ ÙŸ½Creare–€una“libreria“condišÀvisa“€è“fægacile.“Innanzitutto,“si“de˜vÌÐono“creare“i“le“oggetto“che“andranno“a“fægar“parte“dellaŽ¡libreria–€condiÀvisa“utilizzando“le“opzioni“-fPIC“o“-fpic“di“ïhtml:ï html:Àgcc½.“Le“opzioni“-fPIC“e“-fpic“abilitano“la“generazione“diŽ¡codice–€non“dipendente“dalla“posizione“(ïhtml:ï html:Ã"position“independent“code"¸½),“un“requisito“per“le“librerie“condiÀvise;“si“vÙ edaŽ¡oltre–€per“le“dierenze“fra“le“due“opzioni.“Il“soname“viene“passato“attraÌÐvÙ erso“l'opzione“-Wl“di“gcc.“L‘ÿ'opzione“-WlŽ¡inotra–€opzioni“al“linkšæger“(in“questo“caso“-soname“€è“quindi“un'opzione“per“il“link˜er);“le“virÑðgole“dopo“-Wl“non“sono“unŽ¡errore–€di“stampa“e“non“si“doÙ vrebbero“mai“includere“spazi“(a“meno“di“indicarli“tramite“una“sequenza“di“escape)“nelŽ¡corpo–€di“questa“opzione.“Si“crea“quindi“una“libreria“condiÀvisa“utilizzando“questo“formato:Ž© *8ïhtml:ï html:Ÿ ˆûÀgcc–ff-shared“-Wl,-soname,ïhtml:ï html:ó‰š pcrro8tÈmio_soname“À\ŽŸ ³3‘™˜-o–ffïhtml:ï html:Ènome_della_libreria“ïhtml:ï html:elenco_dei_files“ïhtml:ï html:elenco_delle_librerieŽŸ ïhtml:ï html:Ÿ òs½Ecco–€un“esempio“in“cui“si“creano“due“le“oggetto“(ïhtml:ï html:Àa.o“½e“ïhtml:ï 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meno–€che“non“sia“proprio“ineÀvitabile.“La“libreria“risultante“funzioner€à,“ma“queste“operazioni“rendono“i“debÌÐuggerŽ¡‘ sostanzialmente‘€inutili.Žž”ïhtml:ï html:Ÿælïcolor push BlackÅ€ˆï color popŽŽ‘ ïhtml:ï html:½Si–€usino“-fPIC“o“-fpic“nella“generazione“del“codice.“La“scelta“fra“-fPIC“e“-fpic“nella“generazione“del“codice“€è“unaŽ¡‘ questione–€lešÙ gó7ata“all'architettura“della“piattaforma“per“cui“si“sviluppa.“Sce˜gliere“-fPIC“funziona“sempre,“ma“pu€òŽ¡‘ produrre–€codice“di“maggiori“dimensioni“rispetto“a“-fpic“(un“metodo“mnemonico“per“ricordarlo“€è“che“PIC“€è“scrittoŽ¡‘ con–€caratteri“pi€ù“grandi“e“quindi“pu€ò“produrre“codice“pi€ù“grande).“Utilizzare“l'opzione“-fpic“generalmente“produceŽ¡‘ codice–€di“dimensioni“inferiori“e“pi€ù“vÙ eloce,“ma“con“limitazioni“dipendenti“dalla“piattaforma,“quali“il“numero“diŽ¡‘ simboli–€globalmente“visibili“o“la“dimensione“stessa“del“codice.“Il“linkæger“comunicher€à“se“il“progetto“rientra“inŽ¡‘ queste–€limitazioni“all'atto“di“creare“la“libreria“condiÀvisa.“Nel“dubbio,“io“scelgo“-fPIC,“che“funziona“sempre.ŽŸ*8ïhtml:ï html:ŸÕÈïcolor push BlackÅ€ˆï color popŽŽ‘ ïhtml:ï html:½In–€alcuni“casi,“la“chiamata“a“ïhtml:ï html:Àgcc“½per“creare“i“le“oggetto“richiede“anche“di“includere“l'opzioneŽ¡‘ "-Wl,-eÙ xport-dynamic".–€Normalmente,“la“tabella“dinamica“dei“simboli“contiene“solo“i“simboli“utilizzati“da“oggettiŽ¡‘ dinamici.–€Questa“opzione“(nel“momento“in“cui“si“crea“un“le“in“formato“ELF)“aggiunge“tutti“i“simboli“alla“tabellaŽ¡‘ dinamica–€dei“simboli“(si“vÙ eda“ïhtml:ï html:Àld(1)“½per“ulteriori“informazioni).“€È“necessario“utilizzare“questa“opzione“quandoŽ¡‘ esistono–€"dipendenze“in™ŸvšÙ erse",“vÀale“a“dire,“quando“una“libreria“a“colle˜gó7amento“dinamico“contiene“dei“simboli“nonŽ¡‘ risolti–€che“per“con™ŸvÙ enzione“deÀvÌÐono“essere“deniti“nei“programmi“che“intendono“caricare“queste“librerie.“Anch€éŽ¡‘ 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