The statistics for testing for monotonic trend
To test for monotonic trend, the following five statistics are implemented in the package:

1. The likelihood ratio test (Barlow et al. 1972, and Robertson et al. 1988)
2. Williams (Williams, 1971 and 1972)
3. Marcus (Marcus, 1976)
4. The M statistic (Hu et al., 2005)
5. The modified M statistic (Lin et al., 2007)

The formulas for the statistics are presented below:


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References: