---
title: "mimager overview"
author: "Aaron Wolen"
date: "`r doc_date()`"
package: "`r pkg_ver('mimager')`"
bibliography: introduction.bib
output: BiocStyle::html_document
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{mimager overview}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---

```{r config, include=FALSE}
library(knitr)
opts_chunk$set(dev = "jpeg", fig.height = 7.25, dpi = 72, fig.retina = 1)
```


# Background

The aim of *mimager* is to simplify the process of imaging microarrays and inspecting them for spatial artifacts by providing a single visualization function (`mimage()`) that works consistently with many of Bioconductor's microarray object classes. Currently, *mimager* supports `AffyBatch` objects from the `r Biocpkg("affy")` package, `PLMset` objects from the `r Biocpkg("affyPLM")` package, `ExpressionFeatureSet`, `ExonFeatureSet`, `GeneFeatureSet` and `SnpFeatureSet` classes from the `r Biocpkg("oligoClasses")` package, and the `oligoPLM` class from the `r Biocpkg("oligo")` package.

# Installation

You can install the latest release of mimager from Bioconductor:

```r
source("http://www.bioconductor.org/biocLite.R")
biocLite("mimager")
```

# Basic visualization

In this vignette we'll work with the `Dilution` data provided by the `r Biocpkg("affydata")` package.

```{r setup, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, results="hide"}
library(mimager)
library(affydata)
data("Dilution")
```

The most basic functionality of `mimage()` is to produce a visualization of the probe-level intensities arranged by their physical location on the chip:

```{r default-image-n1, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.small=TRUE, fig.height=4}
mimage(Dilution, select = 1)
```

**NOTE**:

* `mimage()` always produces a legend automatically; the title can be changed with the `legend.label` argument
* Empty blocks in the image correspond to probes not indexed in the platform's annotation data

For microarray platforms with perfect-match (PM) and mismatch (MM) probes, such as the Affymetrix Human Genome U95v2 chip used here, only PM probes are included by default. However, the `type` argument can be used to select only MM probes (`probes="mm"`) or both (`probes="all"`). The abundant missing values that result from excluding a particular probe type can produce rasterization artifacts in the microarray images that diminish their informativeness. To compensate for this, `mimage()` fills in empty rows with values from neighboring rows. By default, a row is considered empty if more than 60% of its values are missing. This threshold can be changed by setting `empty.thresh` or row filling can be disabled altogether by changing `empty.rows = "fill"` to `empty.rows = "ignore"`.


# Visualizing multiple arrays

One of *mimager*'s nicest features is the ability to visualize multiple microarrays simultaneously. Simply passing the `Dilution` object to `mimage()` will produce a grid of images that each represent one chip in the sample.

```{r default-image-n4}
mimage(Dilution)
```

The order of images is determined by the order of samples in the microarray data object. You can override this order or specify a subset of samples to include using the `select` argument, which accepts either a numeric vector corresponding to each sample's index *or* or a character vector of sample names.

*mimage()* will compute a sensible layout for the image grid based on the dimensions of the current graphics device, or you can specify it manually by setting `nrow`, `ncol` or both.

```{r default-image-1row, fig.wide=TRUE, fig.height=2.5}
mimage(Dilution, select = c("10A", "20A", "10B", "20B"), nrow = 1)
```


# Probe-level linear models

The `fitPLM()` function from the `r Biocpkg("affyPLM")` package and the `fitProbeLevelModel()` function from the `r Biocpkg("oligo")` package can both be used to fit probe-level linear models (PLMs). As demonstrated by Ben Bolstad [-@bolstad:2004], replacing raw probe intensities with the residuals or weights from PLMs can reveal spatial artifacts that might otherwise go undetected. *mimager* supports visualizing PLM objects generated by either package. One notable difference when working with PLM objects (as opposed to microarray objects) is the `type` argument refers to *model value type* (i.e., residuals or weights) rather than *probe type*.

```{r dilution-plm, message=FALSE}
library(affyPLM)
DilutionPLM <- fitPLM(Dilution)

mimage(DilutionPLM)
```


# Transformations

Prior to visualization, the supplied microarray object is converted to a $m \times n \times k$ array, where $m$ and $n$ correspond to the physical dimensions of the microarray chip and $k$ is the number of chips (or samples) in the data-set. The array values are then transformed by whatever function is passed to the `transform` argument. For example, the default for `AffyBatch` objects is `transform = log2` to log-transform the probe intensities.

*mimager* provides 2 transformation functions that have proven useful in identifying spatial biases on microarrays. The first, `arank()`, computes the rank of values within each matrix of a three-dimensional array, an approach recommended by the `r Biocpkg("oligo")` package's [vignette](http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/vignettes/oligo/inst/doc/oug.pdf). The second, `arle()`, computes relative log expression (RLE) values, where each value is compared with a "standard reference", which is constructed by calculating the median value of each value's position across all samples. The utility of this approach for identifying spatial artifacts was first demonstrated by Reimers & Weinstein [-@reimers:2005] and often produces results similar to what's achieved with PLMs:

```{r affyplm-signed-residuals}
# use a divergent color palette for RLEs
div.colors <- scales::brewer_pal(palette = "RdBu")(9)

mimage(Dilution, transform = arle, legend.label = "RLE", colors = div.colors)
```

Any function can be passed to `transform` provided that it expects and returns a three-dimensional array. The `arank()` function is necessary because `base::rank()` violates this assumption and returns a numeric vector. You can experiment with custom transformation functions using `marray()` to convert a Bioconductor microarray object to a three-dimensional array of matrices.

```{r dilution-array}
DilutionArray <- marray(Dilution)
dim(DilutionArray)
```

```{r dilution-arank}
DilutionRank <- arank(DilutionArray)
dim(DilutionRank)
```


# References