RTNduals: analysis of co-regulation and inference of dual regulons.
19 May 2021
Abstract
RTNduals is a tool derived from the RTN (Reconstruction of Transcriptional Networks) package and searches for possible co-regulatory relationships between pairs of regulators. The tool infers dual regulons, a concept that tests whether pairs of regulators have similar effects on shared target genes. Regulons can be of different types (e.g. transcription factor (TF)-TF, miRNA-miRNA, TF-miRNA, TF-mRNA).
Package
RTNduals 1.16.0
Contents
1 Overview
Recurrent patterns in biological networks may reflect critical roles in multiple biological processes (Bracken, Scott, and Goodall 2016), for example, regulatory loops between transcription factors and microRNAs (Zhang et al. 2015). RTNduals searches for regulatory patterns between pairs of regulators, using regulatory networks generated by the RTN package (for details, please refer to the RTN documentation) (Castro et al. 2016). In such a network, each regulator has an associated set of target genes (i.e. a regulon), and when we assess the shared targets between a pair of regulators, we find triplets that may be regulated in a positive or negative direction, whith regulators either cooperating or competing in the regulatory network. The inference of dual regulons requires three complementary statistics: (1) Targets are assigned to regulons based on mutual information (MI) between the regulator and the target. The significance of the MI statistics is assessed by permutation and bootstrap analysis. (2) Shared targets between any two regulons are identified and the similarity in regulation (i.e. positive or negative direction) is assessed by correlation analysis. (3) A test is carried out to determine if the number of shared targets is higher than expected by chance. The schematics in Figure 1 show two triplets formed between regulators. In (a) the two regulators co-operate by influencing shared targets in the same direction (co-activation or co-repression), while in (b) they compete, influencing targets in opposite directions. For gene expression data, typical regulators might include transcription factors, miRNAs, eRNAs and lncRNAs.
Figure 1. Examples of regulators and predicted associations. This figure illustrates four triplets formed between regulators (a). Regulators R1 and R2 co-activate or co-repress shared targets. (b) Regulators R1 and R2 compete, influencing targets in opposite directions.
2 Quick Start
The RTNduals workflow starts with a preprocessing step that generates a TNI-class object from an expression matrix and a list of regulators. The expression matrix is typically obtained from multiple samples (e.g. transcriptomes from a cancer cohort), while the list of regulators represents some prior biological information indicating which genes in the expression matrix should be regarded as regulators. The input data can also deal with different classes of regulators; for example, genes and microRNAs. In this case, the expression matrix should comprise mRNA and miRNA expression values.
2.1 Load datasets
This example provides the data required to generate an TNI-class object. The dataset tniData is available from the RTN package and consists of an R list with 6 objects, 3 of which will be used in the subsequent analysis: (1) expData, a named gene expression matrix with 120 samples (genes in rows, samples in cols), (2) rowAnnotation, a data.frame with Probe-to-ENTREZ annotation, and (3) tfs, a character vector listing transcription factors. These datasets were extracted, pre-processed and size-reduced from Fletcher et al. (2013), and should be regarded as examples for demonstration purposes only.
##--- load package and dataset for demonstration
library(RTNduals)
data("tniData", package = "RTN")
gexp <- tniData$expData
annot <- tniData$rowAnnotation
tfs <- c("IRF8","IRF1","PRDM1","E2F3","STAT4","LMO4","ZNF552")2.2 Preprocessing
The gexp data matrix and the corresponding annotation are evaluated by the tni.constructor function in order to check the consistency of the input data. After this step it is generated a pre-processed TNI-class object whose status is updated to ‘Preprocess [x]’.
##--- generate a pre-processed TNI-class object
rtni <- tni.constructor(gexp, regulatoryElements = tfs, rowAnnotation=annot)2.3 Run permutation analysis
The tni.permutation method takes the pre-processed TNI-class object and returns a regulatory network inferred by mutual information analysis (with multiple hypothesis testing corrections).
##--- compute a regulatory network (set nPermutations>=1000)
rtni <- tni.permutation(rtni, nPermutations=100, pValueCutoff=0.05)2.4 Run bootstrap analysis
In additional to the permutation analysis, the stability of the regulatory network is assessed by bootstrapping using the tni.bootstrap function.
##--- check stability of the regulatory network (set nBootstrap>=100)
rtni <- tni.bootstrap(rtni, nBootstrap=10)##--- Compute the DPI-filtered regulatory network
# Note: we recommend setting 'eps = NA' in order to
# estimate the threshold from the empirical null
# distribution computed in the permutation and
# bootstrap steps.
rtni <- tni.dpi.filter(rtni, eps = NA)2.5 Construct an MBR-class object and apply DPI algorithm
In a given regulatory network each target can be linked to multiple regulators as a result of both direct and indirect interactions. The Data Processing Inequality (DPI) algorithm (Meyer, Lafitte, and Bontempi 2008) is used to remove the weakest interaction between two regulators and a common target.
##--- construct an mbr object and apply DPI algorithm
rmbr <- tni2mbrPreprocess(rtni)2.6 Run association analysis between regulons
The mbrAssociation method takes the transcriptional network computed in the previous steps and enumerates all triplets formed by two regulatores and one shared target. The method retrieves the mutual information between regulators and assesses the agreement between the predicted downstream effects using correlation analysis. A Fisher’s exact test is used to evaluate whether the number of shared targets is greater than expected by chance.
##--- test associations for dual regulons
rmbr <- mbrAssociation(rmbr)A summary of the results can be accessed from ‘rmbr’ using the mbrGet function.
##--- check summary
mbrGet(rmbr, what="summary")## $MBR
## $MBR$Duals
## Tested Predicted
## Duals 21 3
##
##
## $TNI
## $TNI$tnet
## Regulators Targets Edges
## tnet.ref 7 2346 6995
## tnet.dpi 7 2346 3952
##
## $TNI$regulonSize
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## tnet.ref 762 952.5 980 999.2857 1109.5 1129
## tnet.dpi 378 466.5 579 564.5714 669.0 724##--- get results
overlap <- mbrGet(rmbr, what="dualsOverlap")
correlation <- mbrGet(rmbr, what="dualsCorrelation")Also, when prior evidences are available this method can add a ‘supplementaryTable’ regarding the association between regulators. The ‘supplementaryTable’ is a ‘data.frame’ listing unique relationships between any two regulators (please refer to the documentation for details on the input data format).
3 Session information
## R version 4.1.0 (2021-05-18)
## Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
## Running under: Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS
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## Matrix products: default
## BLAS: /home/biocbuild/bbs-3.13-bioc/R/lib/libRblas.so
## LAPACK: /home/biocbuild/bbs-3.13-bioc/R/lib/libRlapack.so
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## locale:
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## [5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8
## [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C
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## attached base packages:
## [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
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## other attached packages:
## [1] RTNduals_1.16.0 RTN_2.16.0 BiocStyle_2.20.0
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Bracken, Cameron P., Hamish S. Scott, and Gregory J. Goodall. 2016. “A Network-Biology Perspective of microRNA Function and Dysfunction in Cancer.” Nat Rev Genet 17 (12): 719–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2016.134.
Castro, Mauro, Ines de Santiago, Thomas Campbell, Courtney Vaughn, Theresa Hickey, Edith Ross, Wayne Tilley, Florian Markowetz, Bruce Ponder, and Kerstin Meyer. 2016. “Regulators of Genetic Risk of Breast Cancer Identified by Integrative Network Analysis.” Nature Genetics 48 (1): 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3458.
Fletcher, Michael, Mauro Castro, Suet-Feung Chin, Oscar Rueda, Xin Wang, Carlos Caldas, Bruce Ponder, Florian Markowetz, and Kerstin Meyer. 2013. “Master Regulators of FGFR2 Signalling and Breast Cancer Risk.” Nature Communications 4: 2464. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3464.
Meyer, Patrick, Frederic Lafitte, and Gianluca Bontempi. 2008. “Minet: A R/Bioconductor Package for Inferring Large Transcriptional Networks Using Mutual Information.” BMC Bioinformatics 9 (1): 461. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-9-461.
Zhang, Hong-Mei, Shuzhen Kuang, Xushen Xiong, Tianliuyun Gao, Chenglin Liu, and An-Yuan Guo. 2015. “Transcription Factor and microRNA Co-Regulatory Loops: Important Regulatory Motifs in Biological Processes and Diseases.” Briefings in Bioinformatics 16 (1): 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbt085.