_R_R_D_G_R_A_P_H___G_R_A_P_H(1)                    rrdtool                   _R_R_D_G_R_A_P_H___G_R_A_P_H(1)

NNAAMMEE
     rrdgraph_graph - rrdtool graph command reference

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
     PPRRIINNTT::_v_n_a_m_e::_f_o_r_m_a_t[::ssttrrffttiimmee|::vvaallssttrrffttiimmee|::vvaallssttrrffdduurraattiioonn]

     GGPPRRIINNTT::_v_n_a_m_e::_f_o_r_m_a_t

     CCOOMMMMEENNTT::_t_e_x_t

     VVRRUULLEE::_t_i_m_e##_c_o_l_o_r[::[_l_e_g_‐
     _e_n_d][::ddaasshheess[==_o_n___s[,_o_f_f___s[,_o_n___s,_o_f_f___s]...]][::ddaasshh--ooffffsseett==_o_f_f_s_e_t]]]

     HHRRUULLEE::_v_a_l_u_e##_c_o_l_o_r[::[_l_e_g_‐
     _e_n_d][::ddaasshheess[==_o_n___s[,_o_f_f___s[,_o_n___s,_o_f_f___s]...]][::ddaasshh--ooffffsseett==_o_f_f_s_e_t]]]

     LLIINNEE[_w_i_d_t_h]::_v_a_l_u_e[##_c_o_l_o_r][::[_l_e_g_e_n_d][::SSTTAACCKK][::sskkiipp‐‐
     ssccaallee][::ddaasshheess[==_o_n___s[,_o_f_f___s[,_o_n___s,_o_f_f___s]...]][::ddaasshh--ooffffsseett==_o_f_f_s_e_t]]]

     AARREEAA::_v_a_l_u_e[##_c_o_l_o_r][::[_l_e_g_e_n_d][::SSTTAACCKK][::sskkiippssccaallee]]

     TTIICCKK::_v_n_a_m_e##_r_r_g_g_b_b[_a_a][::_f_r_a_c_t_i_o_n[::_l_e_g_e_n_d]]

     SSHHIIFFTT::_v_n_a_m_e::_o_f_f_s_e_t

     TTEEXXTTAALLIIGGNN::{lleefftt|rriigghhtt|jjuussttiiffiieedd|cceenntteerr}

     PPRRIINNTT::_v_n_a_m_e::_C_F::_f_o_r_m_a_t (deprecated)

     GGPPRRIINNTT::_v_n_a_m_e::_C_F::_f_o_r_m_a_t (deprecated)

     SSTTAACCKK::_v_n_a_m_e##_c_o_l_o_r[::_l_e_g_e_n_d] (deprecated)

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
     These  instructions  allow  you  to  generate your image or report.  If you
     don't use any graph elements, no graph is generated.  Similarly, no  report
     is generated if you don't use print options.

   PPRRIINNTT
     _PP_RR_II_NN_TT_::_v_n_a_m_e_::_f_o_r_m_a_t_[_::_ss_tt_rr_ff_tt_ii_mm_ee_|_::_vv_aa_ll_ss_tt_rr_ff_tt_ii_mm_ee_|_::_vv_aa_ll_ss_tt_rr_ff_dd_uu_rr_aa_tt_ii_oo_nn_]

     Depending  on  the context, either the value component (no suffix, valstrf‐
     time or valstrfduration) or the time component  (strftime)  of  a  VVDDEEFF  is
     printed  using _f_o_r_m_a_t. It is an error to specify a _v_n_a_m_e generated by a DDEEFF
     or CCDDEEFF.

     Any text in _f_o_r_m_a_t is printed literally with  one  exception:  The  percent
     character introduces a formatter string. This string can be:

     For printing values:

     %%%%  just prints a literal '%' character

     %%##..##llee
         prints  numbers  like  1.2346e+04. The optional integers # denote field
         width and decimal precision.

     %%##..##llff
         prints numbers like 12345.6789 (%5.4lf), with optional field width  and
         precision.

     %%ss  place  this  after %%llee, %%llff or %%llgg. This will be replaced by the appro‐
         priate SI magnitude unit and  the  value  will  be  scaled  accordingly
         (123456 -> 123.456 k).

     %%SS  is  similar to %%ss. It does, however, use a previously defined magnitude
         unit. If there is no such unit yet, it tries to define one  (just  like
         %%ss)  unless  the  value is zero, in which case the magnitude unit stays
         undefined. Thus, formatter strings using %%SS and no %%ss will all use  the
         same magnitude unit except for zero values.

     If  you  PRINT a VDEF value, you can also print the time associated with it
     by appending the string ::ssttrrffttiimmee to the format. Note that RRDtool uses the
     strftime function of your OSs C library. This  means  that  the  conversion
     specifier may vary. Check the manual page if you are uncertain. The follow‐
     ing  is a list of conversion specifiers usually supported across the board.
     Formatting values interpreted as timestamps with ::vvaallssttrrffttiimmee is done like‐
     wise.

     %%aa  The abbreviated weekday name according to the current locale.

     %%AA  The full weekday name according to the current locale.

     %%bb  The abbreviated month name according to the current locale.

     %%BB  The full month name according to the current locale.

     %%cc  The preferred date and time representation for the current locale.

     %%dd  The day of the month as a decimal number (range 01 to 31).

     %%HH  The hour as a decimal number using a 24-hour clock (range 00 to 23).

     %%II  The hour as a decimal number using a 12-hour clock (range 01 to 12).

     %%jj  The day of the year as a decimal number (range 001 to 366).

     %%mm  The month as a decimal number (range 01 to 12).

     %%MM  The minute as a decimal number (range 00 to 59).

     %%pp  Either `AM' or `PM' according to the given time value,  or  the  corre‐
         sponding  strings  for the current locale.  Noon is treated as `pm' and
         midnight as `am'.  Note that in many locales a `pm' notation is  unsup‐
         ported and in such cases %p will return an empty string.

     %%ss  The second as a decimal number (range 00 to 61).

     %%SS  The seconds since the epoch (1.1.1970) (libc dependent non standard!)

     %%UU  The   week   number  of  the current year as a decimal number, range 00
         to 53, starting with the first Sunday as the first day of week 01.  See
         also %V and %W.

     %%VV  The  ISO 8601:1988 week number of the current year as a decimal number,
         range 01 to  53,  where week  1 is the first week that has at  least  4
         days in the current year, and with Monday as the first day of the week.
         See also %U and %W.

     %%ww  The  day  of  the week as a decimal, range 0 to 6, Sunday being 0.  See
         also %u.

     %%WW  The week number of the current year as a decimal number,  range  00  to
         53,  starting  with  the first Monday as the first day of week 01.

     %%xx  The  preferred  date  representation for the current locale without the
         time.

     %%XX  The preferred time representation for the current  locale  without  the
         date.

     %%yy  The year as a decimal number without a century (range 00 to 99).

     %%YY  The year as a decimal number including the century.

     %%ZZ  The time zone or name or abbreviation.

     %%%%  A literal `%' character.

     You can format values as duration using ::vvaallssttrrffdduurraattiioonn with the value be‐
     ing  interpreted  as milliseconds.  Using printf like conversion specifica‐
     tions you can extract properties from the duration:

      - All non-conversion specification chars are copied unchanged
      - A conversion specification has format '%' [ ['0'] minwidth ] [ '.' precision ] conversion-specifier

     With conversion-specifier being one of:

     %%   A raw '%' is output, width and precision are ignored

     WW   Number of weeks

     dd   Number of days, modulus number of weeks

     DD   Number of days

     hh   Number of hours, modulus number of days

     HH   Number of hours

     mm   Number of minutes, modulus number of hours

     MM   Number of minutes

     ss   Number of seconds, modulus number of minutes

     SS   Number of seconds

     ff   Number of milliseconds, modulus seconds

     _PP_RR_II_NN_TT_::_v_n_a_m_e_::_C_F_::_f_o_r_m_a_t

     _D_e_p_r_e_c_a_t_e_d_. _U_s_e _t_h_e _n_e_w _f_o_r_m _o_f _t_h_i_s _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _i_n  _n_e_w  _s_c_r_i_p_t_s_.   The  first
     form of this command is to be used with CCDDEEFF _v_n_a_m_es.

   GGRRAAPPHH
     _GG_PP_RR_II_NN_TT_::_v_n_a_m_e_::_f_o_r_m_a_t

     This is the same as "PRINT", but printed inside the graph.

     _GG_PP_RR_II_NN_TT_::_v_n_a_m_e_::_C_F_::_f_o_r_m_a_t

     _D_e_p_r_e_c_a_t_e_d_.  _U_s_e  _t_h_e _n_e_w _f_o_r_m _o_f _t_h_i_s _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _i_n _n_e_w _s_c_r_i_p_t_s_.  This is the
     same as "PRINT", but printed inside the graph.

     _CC_OO_MM_MM_EE_NN_TT_::_t_e_x_t

     Text is printed literally in the legend section of the graph. Note that  in
     RRDtool  1.2  you have to escape colons in COMMENT text in the same way you
     have to escape them in **PPRRIINNTT commands by writing ''\\::''.

     _VV_RR_UU_LL_EE_::_t_i_m_e_##_c_o_l_o_r_[_::_[_l_e_g_‐
     _e_n_d_]_[_::_dd_aa_ss_hh_ee_ss_[_==_o_n___s_[_,_o_f_f___s_[_,_o_n___s_,_o_f_f___s_]_._._._]_]_[_::_dd_aa_ss_hh_--_oo_ff_ff_ss_ee_tt_==_o_f_f_s_e_t_]_]_]

     Draw a vertical line at _t_i_m_e.  Its color is composed from three hexadecimal
     numbers specifying the rgb color components (00 is off, FF is maximum) red,
     green and blue followed by an optional alpha. Optionally, a legend box  and
     string is printed in the legend section. _t_i_m_e may be a number or a variable
     from  a  VVDDEEFF.  It is an error to use _v_n_a_m_es from DDEEFF or CCDDEEFF here.  Dashed
     lines can be drawn using the ddaasshheess modifier. See LLIINNEE for more details.

     _HH_RR_UU_LL_EE_::_v_a_l_u_e_##_c_o_l_o_r_[_::_[_l_e_g_‐
     _e_n_d_]_[_::_dd_aa_ss_hh_ee_ss_[_==_o_n___s_[_,_o_f_f___s_[_,_o_n___s_,_o_f_f___s_]_._._._]_]_[_::_dd_aa_ss_hh_--_oo_ff_ff_ss_ee_tt_==_o_f_f_s_e_t_]_]_]

     Draw a horizontal line at _v_a_l_u_e.  HRULE acts much  like  LINE  except  that
     will  have  no  effect on the scale of the graph. If a HRULE is outside the
     graphing area it will just not be visible and it will  not  appear  in  the
     legend by default.

     _LL_II_NN_EE_[_w_i_d_t_h_]_::_v_a_l_u_e_[_##_c_o_l_o_r_]_[_::_[_l_e_g_e_n_d_]_[_::_SS_TT_AA_CC_KK_]_[_::_ss_kk_ii_pp_‐‐
     _ss_cc_aa_ll_ee_]_[_::_dd_aa_ss_hh_ee_ss_[_==_o_n___s_[_,_o_f_f___s_[_,_o_n___s_,_o_f_f___s_]_._._._]_]_[_::_dd_aa_ss_hh_--_oo_ff_ff_ss_ee_tt_==_o_f_f_s_e_t_]_]_]

     Draw  a line of the specified width onto the graph. _w_i_d_t_h can be a floating
     point number. If the color is not specified, the drawing is  done  'invisi‐
     bly'. This is useful when stacking something else on top of this line. Also
     optional  is  the legend box and string which will be printed in the legend
     section if specified. The vvaalluuee can be generated by DDEEFF,  VVDDEEFF,  and  CCDDEEFF.
     If  the optional SSTTAACCKK modifier is used, this line is stacked on top of the
     previous element which can be a LLIINNEE or an AARREEAA.

     Normally the graphing function makes sure that the entire LLIINNEE or  AARREEAA  is
     visible in the chart. The scaling of the chart will be modified accordingly
     if  necessary. Any LLIINNEE or AARREEAA can be excluded from this process by adding
     the option sskkiippssccaallee.

     The ddaasshheess modifier enables dashed line style. Without any further  options
     a  symmetric  dashed  line with a segment length of 5 pixels will be drawn.
     The dash pattern can be changed if the ddaasshheess== parameter is followed by ei‐
     ther one value or an even number (1, 2, 4, 6, ...) of positive values. Each
     value provides the length of alternate  _o_n___s  and  _o_f_f___s  portions  of  the
     stroke.  The  ddaasshh--ooffffsseett parameter specifies an _o_f_f_s_e_t into the pattern at
     which the stroke begins.

     When you do not specify a color, you cannot specify a legend.   Should  you
     want to use SSTTAACCKK, use the "LINEx:<value>::STACK" form.

     _AA_RR_EE_AA_::_v_a_l_u_e_[_##_c_o_l_o_r_[_##_c_o_l_o_r_2_]_]_[_::_[_l_e_g_e_n_d_]_[_::_SS_TT_AA_CC_KK_]_[_::_ss_kk_ii_pp_ss_cc_aa_ll_ee_]_[_::_gg_rr_aa_dd_hh_ee_ii_gg_hh_tt_==_y_]

     See LLIINNEE, however the area between the x-axis and the line will be filled.

     If color2 is specified, the area will be filled with a gradient.

     The  _g_r_a_d_h_e_i_g_h_t  parameter  can  create three different behaviors. If _g_r_a_d_‐
     _h_e_i_g_h_t > 0, then the gradient is a fixed height, starting at the line going
     down.  If _g_r_a_d_h_e_i_g_h_t < 0, then the gradient starts at a fixed height  above
     the  x-axis,  going  down to the x-axis.  If _h_e_i_g_h_t == 0, then the gradient
     goes from the line to x-axis.

     The default value for _g_r_a_d_h_e_i_g_h_t is 50.

     _TT_II_CC_KK_::_v_n_a_m_e_##_r_r_g_g_b_b_[_a_a_]_[_::_f_r_a_c_t_i_o_n_[_::_l_e_g_e_n_d_]_]

     Plot a tick mark (a vertical line) for each value of _v_n_a_m_e that is non-zero
     and not *UNKNOWN*. The _f_r_a_c_t_i_o_n argument specifies the length of  the  tick
     mark  as  a  fraction  of  the y-axis; the default value is 0.1 (10% of the
     axis). Note that the color specification is not optional.  The  TICK  marks
     normally  start  at the lower edge of the graphing area. If the fraction is
     negative they start at the upper border of the graphing area.

     _SS_HH_II_FF_TT_::_v_n_a_m_e_::_o_f_f_s_e_t

     Using this command RRRRDDttooooll will graph the following elements with the spec‐
     ified   offset.    For   instance,   you   can   specify   an   offset   of
     ( 7*24*60*60 = ) 604'800 seconds to "look back" one week. Make sure to tell
     the  viewer of your graph you did this ...  As with the other graphing ele‐
     ments, you can specify a number or a variable here.

     _TT_EE_XX_TT_AA_LL_II_GG_NN_::_{_ll_ee_ff_tt_|_rr_ii_gg_hh_tt_|_jj_uu_ss_tt_ii_ff_ii_ee_dd_|_cc_ee_nn_tt_ee_rr_}

     Labels are placed below the graph. When they overflow  to  the  left,  they
     wrap  to the next line. By default, lines are justified left and right. The
     TTEEXXTTAALLIIGGNN function lets you change this default. This is a command and  not
     an  option,  so that you can change the default several times in your argu‐
     ment list.

     _SS_TT_AA_CC_KK_::_v_n_a_m_e_##_c_o_l_o_r_[_::_l_e_g_e_n_d_]

     _D_e_p_r_e_c_a_t_e_d_.  _U_s_e _t_h_e _SS_TT_AA_CC_KK _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s _o_n _t_h_e _o_t_h_e_r _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s _i_n_s_t_e_a_d_!

     SSoommee nnootteess oonn ssttaacckkiinngg

     When stacking, an element is not placed above the X-axis but rather on  top
     of the previous element.  There must be something to stack upon.

     You can use an iinnvviissiibbllee LINE or AREA to stacked upon.

     An  uunnkknnoowwnn  value makes the entire stack unknown from that moment on.  You
     don't know where to begin (the unknown value) and  therefore  do  not  know
     where to end.

     If  you  want  to make sure you will be displaying a certain variable, make
     sure never to stack upon the unknown value.  Use a CDEF instruction with IIFF
     and UUNN to do so.

NNOOTTEESS oonn lleeggeenndd aarrgguummeennttss
   EEssccaappiinngg tthhee ccoolloonn
     A colon ':' in a _l_e_g_e_n_d argument will mark the end of the legend. To  enter
     a ':' as part of a legend, the colon must be escaped with a backslash '\:'.
     Beware  that many environments process backslashes themselves, so it may be
     necessary to write two backslashes  in  order  to  one  being  passed  onto
     rrd_graph.

   SSttrriinngg FFoorrmmaattttiinngg
     The  text printed below the actual graph can be formatted by appending spe‐
     cial escape characters at the end of a text. Whenever such a character  oc‐
     curs,  all pending text is pushed onto the graph according to the character
     specified.

     Valid markers are: \\jj for justified, \\ll for  left  aligned,  \\rr  for  right
     aligned, and \\cc for centered. In the next section there is an example show‐
     ing how to use centered formatting.

     \\nn  is a valid alias for \\ll since incomplete parsing in earlier versions of
     RRDtool lead to this behavior and a number of people has been using it.

     Normally there are two space characters inserted between  every  two  items
     printed  into  the graph. The space following a string can be suppressed by
     putting a \\gg at the end of the string. The \\gg also ignores any space inside
     the string if it is at the very end of the string. This can be used in con‐
     nection with %%ss to suppress empty unit strings.

      GPRINT:a:MAX:%lf%s\g

     A special case is COMMENT:\\ss which inserts some additional  vertical  space
     before placing the next row of legends.

     If  you  want  to  have left and right aligned legends on the same line use
     COMMENT:\\uu to go one line back like this:

      COMMENT:left\l
      COMMENT:\u
      COMMENT:right\r

     There is also a 'nop' control for situations where you want a string to ac‐
     tually end in a backslash character sequence \\..

      COMMENT:OS\2\.

     When using a proportional font in your graph, the tab characters or the se‐
     quence \\tt will line-up legend elements. Note that  the  tabs  inserted  are
     relative to the start of the current legend element!

     Since  RRDtool  1.3  is  using  Pango  for  rending text, you can use Pango
     markup.  Pango uses the xml ssppaann tags for inline formatting instructions.

     A simple example of a marked-up string might be:

      <span foreground="blue" size="x-large">Blue text</span> is <i>cool</i>!

     The complete list of attributes for the span tag (taken from the pango doc‐
     umentation):

     ffoonntt__ddeesscc
         A font description string, such as "Sans  Italic  12";  note  that  any
         other  span  attributes  will override this description. So if you have
         "Sans Italic" and also a style="normal" attribute, you  will  get  Sans
         normal, not italic.

     ffoonntt__ffaammiillyy
         A font family name

     ffaacceeSynonym for font_family

     ssiizzeeFont  size  in  1024ths  of  a  point,  or  one  of  the absolute sizes
         'xx-small',   'x-small',   'small',   'medium',   'large',   'x-large',
         'xx-large',  or one of the relative sizes 'smaller' or 'larger'. If you
         want to specify an absolute size, it's usually easier to take advantage
         of the ability to specify a partial font description using 'font_desc';
         you can use font_desc='12.5' rather than size='12800'.

     ssttyyllee
         One of 'normal', 'oblique', 'italic'

     wweeiigghhtt
         One of 'ultralight', 'light', 'normal', 'bold',  'ultrabold',  'heavy',
         or a numeric weight

     vvaarriiaanntt
         'normal' or 'smallcaps'

     ssttrreettcchh
         One   of  'ultracondensed',  'extracondensed',  'condensed',  'semicon‐
         densed', 'normal', 'semiexpanded', 'expanded', 'extraexpanded', 'ultra‐
         expanded'

     ffoorreeggrroouunndd
         An RGB color specification such as '#00FF00' or a color  name  such  as
         'red'

     bbaacckkggrroouunndd
         An  RGB  color  specification such as '#00FF00' or a color name such as
         'red'

     uunnddeerrlliinnee
         One of 'none', 'single', 'double', 'low', 'error'

     uunnddeerrlliinnee__ccoolloorr
         The color of underlines; an RGB color specification such  as  '#00FF00'
         or a color name such as 'red'

     rriisseeVertical  displacement,  in 10000ths of an em. Can be negative for sub‐
         script, positive for superscript.

     ssttrriikkeetthhrroouugghh
         'true' or 'false' whether to strike through the text

     ssttrriikkeetthhrroouugghh__ccoolloorr
         The color of crossed out lines; an  RGB  color  specification  such  as
         '#00FF00' or a color name such as 'red'

     ffaallllbbaacckk
         'true' or 'false' whether to enable fallback. If disabled, then charac‐
         ters will only be used from the closest matching font on the system. No
         fallback  will  be done to other fonts on the system that might contain
         the characters in the text. Fallback is enabled by default. Most appli‐
         cations should not disable fallback.

     llaannggA language code, indicating the text language

     lleetttteerr__ssppaacciinngg
         Inter-letter spacing in 1024ths of a point.

     ggrraavviittyy
         One of 'south', 'east', 'north', 'west', 'auto'.

     ggrraavviittyy__hhiinntt
         One of 'natural', 'strong', 'line'.

     To save you some typing, there are also some shortcuts:

     bb   Bold

     bbiigg Makes font relatively larger, equivalent to <span size="larger">

     ii   Italic

     ss   Strike through

     ssuubb Subscript

     ssuupp Superscript

     ssmmaallll
         Makes font relatively smaller, equivalent to <span size="smaller">

     tttt  Monospace font

     uu   Underline

SSEEEE AALLSSOO
     rrdgraph gives an overview of how rrrrddttooooll ggrraapphh works.   rrdgraph_data  de‐
     scribes  DDEEFF,CCDDEEFF  and VVDDEEFF in detail.  rrdgraph_rpn describes the RRPPNN lan‐
     guage used in the ??DDEEFF statements.  rrdgraph_graph page  describes  all  of
     the graph and print functions.

     Make sure to read rrdgraph_examples for tips&tricks.

AAUUTTHHOORR
     Program by Tobias Oetiker <tobi@oetiker.ch>

     This  manual  page  by  Alex van den Bogaerdt <alex@vandenbogaerdt.nl> with
     corrections and/or additions by several people

1.10.0                             2026-05-23                  _R_R_D_G_R_A_P_H___G_R_A_P_H(1)
