=head1 XML::DT a Perl XML down translate module

With XML::DT, I think that:

   . it is simple to do simple XML processing tasks :)
   . it is simple to have the XML processor stored in a single variable
       (see example 4)
   . it is simple to translate XML -> Perl user controlled complex structure 
       with a compact "-type" definition  (see last section)

Feedback welcome -> jj@di.uminho.pt

=head1 XML::DT a Perl XML down translate module

This document is also available in HTML (pod2html'ized):
http://www.di.uminho.pt/~jj/perl/XML/XML-DT.readme.html

 . design to do simple and compact translation/processing of XML document
 . it includes some features of omnimark and sgmls.pm; functional approach
 . it includes functions to automatic build user controlled complex Perl 
       structures (see "working with structures" section)
 . it was build to show my NLP Perl students that it is easy to work with XML
 . home page and download:  http://www.di.uminho.pt/~jj/perl/XML/DT.html

=head1 HOW IT WORKS:

 . the user must define a handler and call the basic function : 
      dt($filename,%handler) or dtstring($string,%handler)
 . the handler is a HASH mapping element names to functions. Handlers can 
      have a "-default" function , and a "-end" function
 . in order to make it smaller each function receives 3 args as global variables
      $c - contents
      $q - element name
      %v - attribute values
 . the default "-default" function is the identity. The function "toxml" makes
      the original XML text based on $c, $q and %v values.
 . see some advanced features in the last examples

=head1 SOME simple (naive) examples:

  INDEX:
  1. change to lowercase attribute named "a" in element "e"
  2. better solution 
  3. make some statistics and output results in HTML (using side effects)
  4. In a HTML like XML document, substitute <contents/>...<contents> by the 
      real table of contents (a dirty solution...)
  5. a more realistic example: from XML gcapaper DTD to latex

  WORKING WITH STRUCTURES INSTEAD OF STRINGS...

  6. Build the natural Perl structure of the following document (ARRAY,HASH)
  7. Multi map on...

=head2 1. change to lowercase the contents of the attribute named "a" in element "e" 

  use XML::DT ;
  my $filename = shift;
  
  print dt($filename,
           ( e => sub{ "<e a='". lc($v{a}). "'>$c</e>" }));

=head2 2. A better solution of the previous example

Ex.1 wouldn't work if we have more attributes in element e. 
A better solution is

  print dt($filename, 
           ( e => sub{ $v{a} = lc($v{a}); 
                       toxml();}));

=head2 3. make some statistics and output results in HTML (using side effects)

  use XML::DT ;
  my $filename = shift;

  %handler=( -default => sub{$elem_counter++;
                             $elem_table{$q}++;"";} # $q -> element name
  );

  dt($filename,%handler);

  print "<H3>We have found $elem_counter elements in document</H3>";
  print "<TABLE><TH>ELEMENT<TH>OCCURS\n";
  foreach $elem (sort keys %elem_table)
     {print "<TR><TD>$elem<TD>$elem_table{$elem}\n";}
  print "</TABLE>";

=head2 4. In a HTML like XML document, substitute <contents/>...<contents> by the real table of contents (a dirty solution...)

  %handler=( h1 => sub{ $index .= "\n$c";     toxml();},
             h2 => sub{ $index .= "\n\t$c";   toxml();},
             h3 => sub{ $index .= "\n\t\t$c"; toxml();},
             contents => sub{ $c="__CLEAN__"; toxml();},
             -end => sub{ $c =~ s/__CLEAN__/$index/; $c});

  print dt($filename,%handler)

=head2 5. a more realistic example: from XML gcapaper DTD to latex

notes:

  . "TITLE" is processed in context dependent way!
  . output in ISOLATIN1 (this is dirty but my LaTeX doesn't support UNICODE)
  . a stack of authors was necessary because LaTeX structure was different
      from input structure...
  . this example was partially created by the function mkdtskel 
        Perl -MXML::DT -e 'mkdtskel "f.xml"' > f.pl
      and took me about one hour to tune to real LaTeX/XML example.

NAME gcapaper2tex.pl - a Perl script to translate XML gcapaper DTD to latex

SYNOPSIS gcapaper2tex.pl mypaper.xml > mupaper.tex

  use XML::DT ;
  my $filename = shift;
  my $beginLatex = '\documentclass{article} \begin{document} ';
  my $endLatex = '\end{document}';
  
  %handler=(
      '-outputenc' => 'ISO-8859-1',
      '-default'   => sub{"$c"},
       'RANDLIST' => sub{"\\begin{itemize}$c\\end{itemize}"},
       'AFFIL' => sub{""},                              # delete affiliation
       'TITLE' => sub{
                    if(inctxt('SECTION')){"\\section{$c}"}
                 elsif(inctxt('SUBSEC1')){"\\subsection{$c}"}
                 else                    {"\\title{$c}"}
              },
       'GCAPAPER' => sub{"$beginLatex $c $endLatex"},
       'PARA' => sub{"$c\n\n"},
       'ADDRESS' => sub{"\\thanks{$c}"},
       'PUB' => sub{"} $c"},
       'EMAIL' => sub{"(\\texttt{$c}) "},
       'FRONT' => sub{"$c\n"},
       'AUTHOR' => sub{ push @aut, $c ; ""},
       'ABSTRACT' => sub{
          sprintf('\author{%s}\maketitle\begin{abstract}%s\end{abstract}',
                  join ('\and', @aut) ,
                  $c) },
       'CODE.BLOCK' => sub{"\\begin{verbatim}\n$c\\end{verbatim}\n"},
       'XREF' => sub{"\\cite{$v{REFLOC}}"},
       'LI' => sub{"\\item $c"},
       'BIBLIOG' =>sub{"\\begin{thebibliography}{1}$c\\end{thebibliography}\n"},
       'HIGHLIGHT' => sub{" \\emph{$c} "},
       'BIO' => sub{""},                                  #delete biography
       'SURNAME' => sub{" $c "},
       'CODE' => sub{"\\verb!$c!"},
       'BIBITEM' => sub{"\n\\bibitem{$c"},
  );
  print dt($filename,%handler); 

=head1 WORKING WITH STRUCTURES INSTEAD OF STRINGS...

  the "-type" definition defines the way to build structures in each case:

   . "HASH" or "MAP" -> make an hash with the sub-elements;
        keys are the sub-element names; warn on repetitions;
        returns the hash reference.
   . "ARRAY" or "SEQ" -> make an ARRAY with the sub-elements
        returns an array reference.
   . "MULTIMAP" -> makes an HASH of ARRAY; keys are the sub-element
   . MMAPON(name1, ...) -> similar to HASH but accepts repetitions of
        the sub-elements "name1"... (and makes an array with them)
   . STR  ->(DEFAULT) concatenates all the sub-elements returned values
        all the sub-element should return strings to be concatenated


=head2 6. Build the natural Perl structure of the following document

  <institution>
    <id>U.M.</id>
    <name>University of Minho</name>
    <tels>
      <item>1111</item> 
      <item>1112</item>
      <item>1113</item>
    </tels>
    <where>Portugal</where>
    <contacts>J.Joao; J.Rocha; J.Ramalho</contacts>
  </institution>

  use XML::DT;
  %handler = ( -default => sub{$c},
               -type    => { institution => 'HASH',
                             tels        => 'ARRAY' },
               contacts => sub{ [ split(";",$c)] },
             );
  
  $a = dt("ex10.2.xml", %handler);


$a is a reference to an HASH:

  { 'tels' => [ 1111, 1112, 1113 ],
    'name' => 'University of Minho',
    'where' => 'Portugal',
    'id' => 'U.M.',
    'contacts' => [ 'J.Joao', ' J.Rocha', ' J.Ramalho' ] };

=head2 7. Christmas card...

We have the following address book:

  <people>
    <person>
        <name> name0 </name>
        <address> address00 </address>    
        <address> address01 </address>
    </person>
    <person>
        <name> name1 </name>
        <address> address10 </address>    
        <address> address11 </address>
    </person>
  </people>

Now we are going to build a structure to store the address book and write a 
Christmas card to the first address of everyone

  #!/usr/bin/perl
  use XML::DT;
  %handler = ( -default => sub{$c},
               person   => sub{ mkchristmascard($c); $c},
               -type    => { people => 'ARRAY',
                             person => MMAPON('address')});
  
  $people = dt("ex11.1.xml", %handler);
  
  print $people->[0]{address}[1];     # prints  address01

  sub mkchristmascard{ my $x=shift;
    open(A,"|lpr") or die;
    print A <<".";
    $x->{name} 
    $x->{address}[0]
    
    Dear $x->{name}
      Merry Christmas from Braga Perl mongers\n
  .

  close A;
  }