\newdimen\doldimen
\def\fortex{\leavevmode\lower.5ex\hbox{4}\kern-.1667em\TeX}
\def\emtex{{\em em}\TeX}
\let\bibtex\BibTeX
\let\slitex\SLiTeX
\let\metafont\MF
\def\initex{\emph{Ini\TeX}}
\def\bigtex{\emph{Big\TeX}}
\def\texhelp{\emph{\TeX help}}
\def\detex{\emph{de\TeX}}
\def\texchk{\emph{\TeX chk}}
\def\texbatch{\emph{\TeX batch}}
\def\texcad{\emph{\TeX cad}}
\def\bsl{{\tt\char'134}}
\def\bibdb{\emph{BibDB}}
\def\bmtofont{\emph{BM2Font}}
\def\hptoxx{\emph{HP2xx}}
\def\ghostscript{\emph{GhostScript}}
\def\Psfig{\texttt{psfig}}
\def\figures{\texttt{figures}}
\def\ascii{\textsc{ascii}}
\def\msdos{{\sc MSDOS}}
\def\filenaam#1{{\tt\lowercase{#1}}}
\def\pad#1{{\tt#1}}
\def\envpar#1{{\small\tt\uppercase{#1}}}
\def\prognaam#1{\emph{#1}}
\def\benadruk#1{\emph{#1}}
\def\syntaxis#1{%
  \leavevmode
  \par
   {\tt\strut#1}
  \par}
\def\schermtekst#1{{\tt#1}}

\title{The ease of including graphics in \TeX\ documents using \fortex}

\author[Wietse Dol]{Wietse Dol\\
                Landbouw-Economisch Instituut (LEI-DLO)\\
                P.O.Box 29703\\
                2502 LS Den Haag\\
                The Netherlands\\
                \texttt{W.Dol@LEI.Agro.nl}}
\begin{Article}
{\em [Editor's note: I am grateful to
Wietse Dol and Gerard van Nes (editor) for permission to reprint this
article from MAPS 93.2, the journal of the Nederlandstalige \TeX\
Gebruikersgroep.]}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Introduction}\label{sec1}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\TeX\ has been developed with the idea that it should be possible to have a
\TeX\ implementation for every operating system (\msdos,
\textsc{vms}, \textsc{vm-cms}, \textsc{Unix} etc.). Another feature of
\TeX\ is that documents can be freely exchanged between operating systems
(because documents are written in standard \ascii). Graphics, however, are
machine dependent and the possibility of including graphics in \TeX\ or \LaTeX\
depends on the operating system and the DVI-driver you are using. This means
that including graphics in \TeX\ or \LaTeX\ is often not an easy job.

The solution often used for including graphics is including \PS\
pictures in the document using the \verb+\special+ command. The
\verb+\special+ command is ignored/passed on by the \TeX\ compiler but the
\PS\ DVI-driver will use the \verb+\special+ command to insert the
\PS\ picture at the right place and in the right size in your document.
The advantage of this method is that for all operating systems there are
\PS\ DVI-drivers and that \PS\ files are also written in standard
\ascii, therefore you can transport text file and graphics to all operating
systems. The disadvantage of this method is that you can \benadruk{only\/}
include \PS\ pictures in your document and that you need a
\PS\ printer to produce output. It is not possible to use the screen
previewer to view the DVI-file.

When you have a PC there are other ways to incorporate pictures in \TeX\
documents. Before we will discuss them, we have to know more about the
different types of pictures. In principle there are two types of pictures,
namely bitmap and vector pictures. A bitmap picture is a matrix with the
entries corresponding to points with a colour. The dimension of the matrix
specifies the height and width of the picture. Because of the fixed matrix,
manipulating the picture is difficult and resizing the picture often leads to
undesirable results. However, many \prognaam{MSDOS} graphic packages produce
pictures in a bitmap format. These  bitmap files come in many different types,
mostly as a result of different compression and colour encoding techniques.
Examples of bitmap pictures are: GIF (Compuserve), TIFF, PCX (PC Paintbrush),
BMP (Windows 3.x), IFF (Amiga), LBM (Amiga), IMG (Ventura), CUT (Dr Halo), and
PCL (Hewlett Packard).

A \benadruk{vector\/} picture is specified by a device-independent
mathematical description and is therefore easy to manipulate/resize. However,
the problem with vector pictures is that most DVI-drivers cannot handle them.
Examples of vector pictures are: HPGL (Hewlett Packard Graphics Language), PS
(PostScript), and EPS (Encapsulated PostScript).

In the remainder of this paper we will discuss the computer programs
\prognaam{TeXCad}, \prognaam{Graphic WorkShop}, \prognaam{HP2xx},
\prognaam{BM2Font}, \prognaam{PCLtoMSP}, and \prognaam{GhostScript}. We will
end this paper by describing how \fortex\ combines the strength of all these
programs to incorporate graphics in \TeX\ documents.


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{\TeX cad}\label{sec7}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\texcad\ is a drawing program written by G.~Horn for producing drawings in
\LaTeX\ documents. It allows the objects available in the \LaTeX\ 
picture environment to be drawn and edited. Its output is a sequence
of \LaTeX\ picture commands which can be inserted into a \LaTeX\ 
document to generate the drawing. The advantage of this program is
that the text font used in the graphic is the same as the text font
used in the main text (\ie Computer Modern).  Using the \LaTeX\ 
picture environment also makes it possible to compile/print/view these
graphics on other operating systems. The disadvantages are its user
unfriendliness as compared to other graphical packages, and the
limited set of objects of the \LaTeX\ picture environment.

\texcad\ is written in \prognaam{Turbo Pascal V5} and runs on all PC\ machines.
A mouse is not required but strongly recommended. \texcad\ supports the
special commands of \emtex\ for line drawing (very useful for drawing lines at
any angle) but you should not forget to include the style file
\filenaam{emlines2.sty} in the document style declaration of the document.
Likewise, if you use \benadruk{bezier\/} curves. The problem with these
\emtex\ specials, however, is that they are machine dependent. For a detailed
discussion how to install and use \texcad\ see Horn~(1990). For
an example of \texcad\ see Figure~\ref{fig5}.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{em\TeX\ and the `special' commands}\label{sec2}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
The \verb+\special+ command is ignored completely by the \TeX\ compiler but is
executed when running the DVI-driver. Not all DVI-drivers can execute all the
\verb+\special+ commands. The \verb+\special+ command is therefore output
device dependent and it is ignored when the DVI-driver does not support that
specific \verb+\special+ command. The advantage of the \verb+\special+
commands is that you can use device-dependent instructions to produce output,
\eg, you can use a \PS\ printer to include \PS\ pictures in your
\TeX\ document.

\emtex\ has some \verb+\special+ commands to include PCX, MSP
(Microsoft Paint) and black and white BMP bitmap pictures. The
syntax of the \schermtekst{\bsl special} command is:
\syntaxis{\bsl special\{em:graph $[$path$]<$bitmap
file$>$\}}\noindent where \emph{$[$path$]$} is an optional path and
\emph{$<$bitmap file$>$} is an PCX, MSP, or black and white BMP bitmap
file. The upper left corner of the graphic file is located at the reference
point of a character. Run
length encoded BMP files and 4 colour CGA-mode PCX files cannot be used. All
non-white pixels of a PCX file are printed (assuming the standard palette).
The width of the graphic must not exceed 32760 pixels, the height must not
exceed 32766 pixels. The viewer and the printer drivers of the \emtex\ package
will show and print the bitmap. However, it is not possible to manipulate the
picture. This means that different drivers will produce different sized
pictures (as a result of the resolution of the device driver and the fixed
resolution of the bitmap graphic). For a detailed discussion about
\verb+\special+ commands see Mattes~(1992).

When you want to manipulate the picture (\eg\ resizing the picture or colour
reduction) you can for instance use the shareware program Graphic Workshop.
Graphic Workshop is a program for working with bitmapped graphic files. It
will handle most of the popular bitmap formats. Graphic Workshop is a simple,
menu driven environment which will let you perform the following operations on
graphic files:
\begin{itemize}
\item  View bitmap pictures
\item  Convert between any two bitmap formats
\item  Print the bitmap on almost all popular printers
\item  Dither colour pictures to black and white
\item  Reverse the colours
\item  Rotate the picture
\item  Flip the picture
\item  Scale the picture to any size
\item  Select a part of the graphic as a new picture
\item  Reduce the number of colours
\item  Sharpen and Soften the picture
\item  Adjust the brightness, contrast and colour balance of the bitmaps.
\end{itemize}

When the picture has more than 32 colours and you use the \emtex\ special
command to include a graphic an error will appear when viewing or printing the
picture. Too many colours will result in too black and unfocused pictures and
it is much better to use \bmtofont\ to incorporate the picture into a \TeX\
document.

The problem with bitmap files is their fixed dimension, \ie the size of the
picture will depend on the DVI-driver used. Suppose the bitmap file
\filenaam{golfer.pcx} has dimensions $550\times 770$ dots. Using the picture
and a 300 dpi DVI-driver the picture will have a width of $550/300=1.83
\,\mbox{inch}=47\,\mbox{mm}$ and a height of $770/300=2.57\,\mbox{inch}=65
\mbox{mm}$. Other DVI-drivers will result in different sizes. The bitmap file
is now printed using:

\begin{verbatim}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}                     
 \setlength{\unitlength}{1mm}      
 \begin{picture}(47,65)            
  \put(0,65){%                     
  \special{em:graph golfer.pcx}}   
 \end{picture}
\end{center}
\caption{This is an example how to
         use pictures in \emtex}   
\end{figure}
\end{verbatim}
In this example we use millimeters as the unit of
measurement.
Normally the picture \texttt{golfer.pcx}
will be printed from the upper left
corner of the picture box, but it
should be printed from the lower left
corner, therefore we need \verb'\put(0,65)'.
The result is shown in Figure~\ref{golfer}.

\emtex\ also supports a \PS\ \verb+\special+ command, but it will not
view or print a \PS\ graphic file, except when you use a \PS\
DVI-driver (\eg, \prognaam{dvips}) to print on a \PS\ printer.

There are many macro packages that can help you insert \PS\
files in your document, \eg\ \Psfig, a macro package written by
T.J.~Darrell. With the help of a \PS\ DVI driver, figures are
automatically scaled and positioned on the page, and the proper amount
of space is reserved. To include a \PS\ picture, include the
\texttt{psfig} style at the top of your document:

\begin{verbatim}
\documentstyle[11pt,psfig]{article}
\end{verbatim}

\noindent and, when you wish to include a figure, invoke the macro with, \eg,

\begin{verbatim}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
  \psfig{figure=%
      tiger.ps,width=50mm,height=50mm}
\end{center}
\caption{The use of PSFIG to insert
         a PS picture}
\end{figure}

\end{verbatim}

\noindent and the result is shown in Figure~\ref{fig2}.

Note that spaces in the arguments of the macro are not allowed. For a
detailed discussion of all possibilities (\eg, rotation, scaling
etc.) we refer to Darrell~(1992) and Goossens~(1993). The
\texttt{psfig} macros will generate some
\verb+\special+ commands to claim the correct space and size, and with a
\PS\ DVI\ driver the picture will be printed correctly.

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{%
\begin{minipage}[b]{.3\textwidth}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=golfer,width=47mm}}
  \caption{This is an example how to use pictures in
    \emtex}\label{golfer}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{.3\textwidth}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=tiger,clip,width=50mm,height=50mm}}
\caption{The use of PSFIG to insert a PS picture}\label{fig2}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{.3\textwidth}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=genesis,height=50mm,width=50mm}}
  \caption{This is the file genesis.bmp converted to \TeX\ fonts}
\end{minipage}
}
\end{figure*}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{BM2Font}\label{sec3}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\bmtofont\ is a program written by F.~Sowa and is used to convert bitmap
pictures to \TeX\ fonts. These \TeX\ fonts can be read by the DVI-drivers and
are used to view and print pictures. \bmtofont\ can convert the following
bitmap pictures: PCX, GIF, BMP, IFF, LBM, TIFF, IMG, and CUT. For a detailed
discussion how \bmtofont\ works and all the possible parameters we refer to
the manual. Note that \bmtofont\ can produce several \TeX\ fonts (\ie bitmap
fonts (extension \filenaam{.pk}) and \TeX\ font metric files (extension
\filenaam{.tfm}) and that the bitmap fonts are resolution dependent.

The command syntax of \bmtofont\ is \syntaxis{bm2font $<$bitmap file$>$
[options]} The result of a command like
\emph{bm2font example.pcx} is one or more font
files, but also a file called \filenaam{example.tex}. This file
\filenaam{example.tex} (written to the current directory) uses the picture
fonts and defines a macro called \verb+\setexample+ (\ie consisting of the
the word SET and the filename EXAMPLE (without file extension)). The picture
is now produced simply by giving the command \verb+\input example.tex+ and the
command \verb+\setexample+ on the location where you want the picture.

We will end this section with an example. Suppose we have a BMP bitmap file
\filenaam{genesis.bmp} and we want to convert this bitmap to \TeX\ fonts for
the laserprinter (300 dpi). Running \bmtofont
\syntaxis{bm2font genesis.bmp -h300 -v300 -m50 -n50}
\noindent will result in
one \TeX\ font metric file (\filenaam{genesisA.tfm}), one bitmap font
(\filenaam{genesisA.pk}), and the \TeX\ file \filenaam{genesis.tex}
containing the macro \verb+\setgenesis+. The parameters \texttt{-h}
and \texttt{-v} are the horizontal and vertical resolution of the
printer, the parameters
\texttt{-m} and \texttt{-n} are the width and height you want the picture
to be in millimeters. To produce the picture in the \TeX\ document we can use,
\eg:
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{figure}
\centerline{\input genesis
            \setgenesis}
%the file genesis.tex contains 
%the macro \setgenesis
\caption{This is the file genesis.bmp converted
         to \TeX\ fonts}
\end{figure}
\end{verbatim}

\bmtofont\ gives excellent results and is easy to use. The only disadvantage is
that you need to generate picture fonts for every printer you use. For example
when you use a 300\,dpi laserprinter as well as a 600\,dpi \PS\ printer,
\bmtofont\ will give you \filenaam{.pk} and \filenaam{.tfm} files with
the same name but for different printers. So you have to do your own
book-keeping, and track which font files you need for the printer you
are using at the moment.

\benadruk{Note}: if the length of the filename of the picture file is eight
characters, the last character will be omitted for the construction of the
\filenaam{.tfm} and \filenaam{.pk} files (because of the
addition of the font numbers \filenaam{A}, \filenaam{B}, \ldots). For instance
\filenaam{scrndump.pcx} will produce \filenaam{scrnduma.tfm},
\filenaam{scrnduma.pk}, and \filenaam{scrndum.tex} and the macro is called
\verb+\setscrndum+.

\benadruk{Note}: No digits are allowed in the picture filename; \eg,
\filenaam{screen1.pcx} has to be renamed to \filenaam{screenI.pcx}.

When you have a PCL bitmap file (Hewlett Packard LaserJet and DeskJet
graphic output) you can convert this file to a MSP or a PCX bitmap.
The conversion is done by using E.~Mattes' conversion program
\filenaam{PCLtoMSP}. After conversion you can use the a
\verb|\special| command to include the graphic (see above) or the
program \bmtofont\ to generate \TeX\ fonts.  The syntax is easy, \eg
\syntaxis{pcltomsp -qop graph.lj graph}
\noindent converts the PCL file
\filenaam{graph.lj} into the PCX file \filenaam{graph.pcx}, and
does not display warnings or the program title.


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Hewlett Packard Plotter files and HP2xx}\label{sec4}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Some graphics programs produce graphic files in the \benadruk{HPGL} format
(Hewlett Packard Graphic Language). These are vector pictures specifically
made for Hewlett Packard plotters. Because we can only use \PS\ and
certain bitmap pictures in \TeX\ documents we need to convert  such files. The
extensions often used for HPGL files are \filenaam{.hpp}, \filenaam{.plt}, and
\filenaam{.hpg} and are produced by, \eg, the programs \prognaam{Matlab},
\prognaam{Gauss}, and \prognaam{Harvard Graphics}. To convert HPGL plotter
files we use the program \hptoxx.

\hptoxx\ is a freeware program from H.~Werntges and is used to print, view and
convert HPGL plotfiles. We refer to the documentation for a detailed
discussion of all the possibilities (\eg, rotation, picture size, pencolour,
magnification etc.). \fortex\ uses \hptoxx\ to convert HPGL files to
\benadruk{PCX\/} bitmap files and \benadruk{EPS\/} (Encapsulated PostScript)
files. \hptoxx\ uses no environment variables, it reads and writes the files
from the current directory. \hptoxx\ supports the $800\times 600$ super VGA
modes (\eg, the Tseng ET4000 and the Trident SVGA). \hptoxx\ is easy to use
and produces excellent quality. You can convert HPGL pictures to MF (\metafont\
format), CAD (to be used with \texcad), EM (\emtex\ specials), EPIC (the
Enhanced Picture style), IMG-, PBM-, PCL- and PCX-bitmaps and EPS PostScript
pictures.

Suppose we have a file \filenaam{test.hpg}. We can convert
this file to a 300 dpi PCX bitmap file
\filenaam{test.pcx} with height 100~mm (width is automatically calculated)
using the command
\syntaxis{hp2xx -mpcx -d300 -h100  -f test.pcx test.hpg}
Instead of converting the picture to a PCX bitmap we can also
convert it to an Encapsulated PostScript file (use \texttt{-meps} and
\texttt{-f test.eps} instead of \texttt{-mpcx} and
\texttt{-f test.pcx}). After conversion we
can proceed as discussed above.

As an example we show a Lotus picture that is printed as a HPGL file and then
converted to a 300\,dpi PCX bitmap and a EPS picture using the syntax described
above. After conversion we used the style file \filenaam{figures.sty} (see
below) to print this picture (Figure~\ref{hp2xx}).


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{\PS\ and GhostScript}\label{sec5}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
If you want to view, print and manipulate \PS\ files and you do not have
 \PS\ printer (or commercial software), we suggest to use the freeware
program \ghostscript\ from Aladdin Enterprises. Using \ghostscript\ you can
view and print \filenaam{.PS} and \filenaam{.EPS} \PS\ files on any
screen and any printer. \ghostscript\ also supports the Tseng ET4000 and the
Trident graphics card for viewing in super VGA mode. You can resize the
picture to any length and width. You can also calculate the BoundingBox and
convert the \PS\ picture to a PCX bitmap. This PCX bitmap can be used
with the DVI drivers of \emtex\ to view and print the picture in \TeX\
documents without using a \PS\ DVI-driver.  For
a detailed discussion how \ghostscript\ works we refer to the \ghostscript\
documentation. Note that \ghostscript\ is freeware, is regularly updated and
gives good results. The only disadvantage is perhaps that it is not very user
friendly.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{The \protect\texttt{figures} style files}\label{sec6}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
The style file \figures\ is a modification of the \Psfig\ style file
and is used in \fortex. It combines the possibility to print/view
PCX pictures with the \emtex\ special commands, and to print
\PS\ files as with \Psfig. By default (or when using the command
\verb+\pcx+) \figures\ will try to use PCX
picture files. When not found or when using the command \verb+\postscript+,
\figures\ will look for \PS\ files (\filenaam{.EPS} and
\filenaam{.PS}). This makes it possible to view/print pictures
using the \emtex\ special commands and to print the pictures in a \TeX\
document on any printer. To include a picture include the \figures\ style
option at the top of your document:

\begin{verbatim}
\documentstyle[11pt,figures]{article}
\end{verbatim}

\noindent and, when you wish to include the figure (\filenaam{example.pcx}  or
\filenaam{example.eps}), call the macro like this:

\begin{verbatim}
 \putfigure{%
     figure=example,width=2in,height=3in}
\end{verbatim}

Note that the extension of the picture file is not specified. All commands
defined in the style file \Psfig\ are also available (see \eg\
Goossens~(1993)). Some names of the macros of \Psfig\ are changed, \eg\
\verb+\psfig+ is changed in \verb+\putfigure+ and some extra macros are added,
\eg\ \verb+\pcx+ (use PCX files), \verb+\figurefull+ (the same as
\verb+\psfull+); \verb+\figuredraft+ (the same as \verb+\psdraft+).


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{\fortex}\label{sec8}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
In the preceding sections we have discussed several ways to incorporate
graphics in \TeX\ documents. These sections are summarized by a flow
diagram (see Figure~\ref{fig5}).


\begin{figure*}
\doldimen\textwidth
\begin{minipage}[t]{2in}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=biasa,height=1.65383858in,width=1.96850394in}}
  \caption{A HPGL picture converted to PCX or EPS}\label{hp2xx}
\end{minipage}
\advance\doldimen by -2in
\begin{minipage}[t]{\doldimen}
\unitlength=0.9mm
\linethickness{0.4pt}
\begin{picture}(145.00,120.00)
\put(45.00,110.00){\framebox(25.00,10.00)[cc]{TeXCad}}
\put(90.00,110.00){\dashbox{1.00}(25.00,10.00)[cc]{\LaTeX pic. env.}}
\put(15.00,100.00){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\bf Bitmap Pictures:}}
\put(20.00,90.00){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{gif,iff,lbm}}
\put(20.00,80.00){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{tiff,img,cut}}
\put(20.00,70.00){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{pcx,bmp,msp}}
\put(90.00,80.00){\dashbox{1.00}(25.00,10.00)[cc]{\TeX fonts}}
\put(15.00,40.00){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\bf Vector Pictures:}}
\put(20.00,30.00){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{ps,eps}}
\put(20.00,10.00){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{hpgl}}
\put(45.00,30.00){\framebox(25.00,10.00)[cc]{Ghostscript}}
\put(90.00,30.00){\dashbox{1.00}(25.00,10.00)[cc]{specials}}
\put(45.00,10.00){\framebox(25.00,10.00)[cc]{HP2xx}}
\put(90.00,10.00){\dashbox{1.00}(25.00,10.00)[cc]{PCX, EPS}}
\put(70.00,115.00){\vector(1,0){20.00}}
\put(70.00,85.00){\vector(1,0){20.00}}
\put(70.00,35.00){\vector(1,0){20.00}}
\put(70.00,15.00){\vector(1,0){20.00}}
\put(100.00,20.00){\vector(0,1){10.00}}
\put(120.00,50.00){\framebox(25.00,10.00)[cc]{document}}
\put(20.00,50.00){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{pcl}}
\put(45.00,50.00){\framebox(25.00,10.00)[cc]{PCLtoMSP}}
\put(90.00,50.00){\dashbox{1.00}(24.00,10.00)[cc]{pcx,msp pict.}}
\put(100.00,50.00){\vector(0,-1){10.00}}
\put(45.00,70.00){\framebox(25.00,25.00)[cc]{BM2Font}}
\put(115.00,35.00){\vector(1,1){15.00}}
\put(115.00,85.00){\vector(1,-2){12.00}}
\put(115.00,115.00){\vector(1,-4){13.67}}
\put(38.00,70.00){\vector(3,-2){52.00}}
\put(70.00,55.00){\vector(1,0){20.00}}
\put(100.00,60.00){\vector(-4,3){30.00}}
\put(90.00,20.00){\vector(-1,3){19.33}}
\put(89.67,40.00){\vector(-1,2){20.33}}
\end{picture}
\caption{How to insert graphics (example of \texcad)}\label{fig5}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure*}

The main problem of a user who wants to include a picture is that he/she needs
to know which program to use and which parameters and commands one needs before
one gets reasonable output. The \fortex\ workbench is developed to shield you
from these dirty bits. The aim of \fortex\ is a simple menu based interface
that lets the user choose between all available \TeX\ related programs and
give some help wherever needed.

The {\it GRAPHICS} utility of \fortex\ helps you incorporating pictures. All
the programs discussed above are used, but a user does not need to remember all
the (program specific) parameters. Simply choosing from an options list one can
specify the parameters. Often this is not necessary because most parameters
are set automatically (\eg\ the printer resolution). Often the user only needs
to specify the size of the picture and then {\it convert} the picture.
Converting means that the correct programs are called and that the result is a
\TeX\ file that can be used to insert the picture in your document.
When for instance we convert the file \filenaam{acad.hpp}, \fortex\ 
will end the conversion by telling the user that the picture may be
inserted simply by adding the style file \filenaam{figures.sty} and
using the statement:
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{figure}
  \centerline{\input ACAD}
  \caption{your title}
\end{figure}
\end{verbatim}

In this way a uniform approach to inserting pictures is reached, \ie
it does not matter if you use \prognaam{HP2xx}, \prognaam{BM2Font},
\prognaam{PCLtoMSP}, or \prognaam{GhostScript}. After conversion only one
simple input statement is enough.

\fortex\ also makes it possible to view and manipulate the picture. Viewing is
also possible in super VGA modes. For instance a \PS\ picture can be
rotated, a BoundingBox can be calculated and \fortex\ magnifies the picture
so that it will fit the specified size exactly. The same holds for HPGL
pictures. Bitmap pictures can be manipulated using \prognaam{Graphic
WorkShop}. \fortex, however, uses the shareware program \filenaam{CSHOW} to
view bitmaps.

All the necessary bookkeeping is done by \fortex. For instance the fonts
(\filenaam{*.pk} and \filenaam{*.tfm}) are stored in the correct directories
and the conversion file is stored on the current working directory.

The conversions of pictures is done in such a way that it allows you to view
and print the \TeX\ document with the pictures on any screen or printer. When
you want to use a \PS\ printer you simple need to include the command
\verb+\postscript+ in the document. The conclusion therefore must be that with
\fortex\ the inclusion of graphics has become an easy job.

\section*{\refname}
\begin{description}
\newlength{\localindent}
\setlength{\localindent}{\itemindent}
\setlength{\itemindent}{-1.0cm}

\item[]
Darrell,~T. (1992),
\emph{psfig 1.8 users guide},
available from public file-servers.

\item[]
Goossens,~M. (1993),
 ``PostScript en {\LaTeX}, de komplimentariteit in de
  praktijk\nolinebreak[4]'',
{\em {MAPS} Ne\-der\-lands\-ta\-lige {\TeX}\ Gebrui\-kers\-groep}, {\bf 93.1},
  101--113.

\item[]
Horn,~G. (1990),
{\em {\TeX}cad Version 2.8},
available from public file-servers.

\item[]
Mattes,~E. (1992),
{\em \prognaam{DVIDRV} 1.4{\it s} manual},
available from public file-servers.

\end{description}
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\end{Article}
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