%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % File: mlsquick.tex % Author: Oliver Corff % Date: \VersionDate November 1st, 2001 % Version: \VersionRelease % Copyright: Ulaanbaatar, Beijing, Berlin % % Description: MonTeX -- Mongolian for LaTeX2e % Implementation Level \ImplementationLevel % System Documentation % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % ----------------- identification ends here ------------------- % \documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article} \usepackage{longtable} \IfFileExists{ctib}{% \usepackage{ctib} }{} \usepackage[latin1]{mls} \input{mtdocmac.tex} %\usepackage{pslatex} \usepackage{hyperref} \begin{document} \title{\MonTeX\\A Quick Guide\\(\emph{Draft})} \author{Oliver Corff} \maketitle \tableofcontents \section{General Settings} In order to access the commands of \MonTeX\ the package must be loaded in the document preamble by saying \begin{verbatim} \usepackage[,]{mls} \end{verbatim} The options include choices for the basic document language and input encodings. \subsubsection{Document Language} The document language can be set with one of \verb"bicig", \verb"bithe", \verb"buryat", \verb"english", \verb"russian" or \verb"xalx" like in \begin{verbatim} \usepackage[xalx]{mls} \end{verbatim} which issues all captions and the date in Modern Mongolian. The options \refcmda{bicig} and \refcmda{bithe} are introduced in part~\ref{BicigandBithe}, ``Full Vertical Text Pages''. The options \cmda{buryat}, \cmda{russian} and \cmda{xalx} produce captions in Buryat, Russian and Modern Mongolian. \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ll} \textbf{Buryat} &\BuryatToday\\\label{BuryatToday} \textbf{Xalx} &\XalxToday\\\label{XalxToday} \textbf{Russian} &\RussianToday\\\label{RussianToday} \end{tabular} \end{center} The option \cmda{english}, at least as a \verb"\usepackage" option, is essentially a do-nothing: it sets captions to English (which is the default of this package anyway). \section{Cyrillic Text -- \xalx{Kirill "us"ag}} \subsection{Cyrillic Text in Transliteration (\LMC) Mode% \label{section:CyrillicTransliterationMode}} \MonTeX\ provides two basic modes of operation: in \begin{itemize}\label{SetDocumentEncoding} \item Transliteration Mode (intimately linked to the \LMC\ encoding) all incoming text is regarded as transliterated Cyrillic. This allows users to compose Cyrillic documents on pure ASCII machines. In contrast, the \item Immediate Mode does nothing and waits for explicit Cyrillic characters in the input in order to generate Cyrillic output. \end{itemize} Two commands are used to switch between these modes: \begin{quote} \begin{verbatim} \SetDocumentEncodingLMC \SetDocumentEncodingNeutral \end{verbatim} \end{quote} The first command switches to Transliteration Mode, the second command deactivates the transliteration and thus, by definition, activates Immediate Mode. In the \LMC\ encoding, most Cyrillic characters are mapped directly to a single Latin character but for some characters there is a text command which became necessary since there are more Cyrillic than Latin characters. For convenience, a few ligatures were defined, too. Details are given in table~\ref{cyralpha}. \begin{table} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|r|cc|cc|ll|} \hline %\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{Cyrillic Alphabet Input Methods} \\\hline &\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Cyrillic Letter}&\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\LMC\ Input}&\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Generic Command}\\\hline 1 &\mnr A &\mnr a &\verb"A" &\verb"a" &\verb"\CYRA" &\verb"\cyra" \\\hline 2 &\mnr B &\mnr b &\verb"B" &\verb"b" &\verb"\CYRB" &\verb"\cyrb" \\\hline 3 &\mnr W &\mnr w &\verb"W" &\verb"w" &\verb"\CYRV" &\verb"\cyrw" \\\hline 4 &\mnr G &\mnr g &\verb"G" &\verb"g" &\verb"\CYRG" &\verb"\cyrg" \\\hline 5 &\mnr D &\mnr d &\verb"D" &\verb"d" &\verb"\CYRD" &\verb"\cyrd" \\\hline 6 &\mnr E &\mnr e &\verb"E" &\verb"e" &\verb"\CYRE"&\verb"\cyre" \\\hline 7 &\CYRYO &\cyryo &\texttt{\"E}/\verb'"E'&\texttt{\"e}/\verb'"e'&% \verb"\CYRYO"&\verb"\cyryo"\rule{0mm}{2.25ex}\\ & & &\{\verb"\"\}\verb"YO"&\{\verb"\"\}\verb"yo"& & \\\hline 8 &\mnr J &\mnr j &\verb"J" &\verb"j" &\verb"\CYRZH" &\verb"\cyrzh" \\\hline 9 &\mnr Z &\mnr z &\verb"Z" &\verb"z" &\verb"\CYRZ" &\verb"\cyrz" \\\hline 10 &\mnr I &\mnr i &\verb"I" &\verb"i" &\verb"\CYRI" &\verb"\cyri" \\\hline 11 &\CYRISHRT &\cyrishrt &\texttt{\"I}/\verb'"I'&\texttt{\"i}/\verb'"i'&% \verb"\CYRISHRT"&\verb"\cyrishrt"\rule{0mm}{2.25ex} \\ & & &\{\verb"\"\}\verb"YI"&\{\verb"\"\}\verb"yi"& & \\\hline 12 &\mnr K &\mnr k &\verb"K" &\verb"k" &\verb"\CYRK" &\verb"\cyrk" \\\hline 13 &\mnr L &\mnr l &\verb"L" &\verb"l" &\verb"\CYRL" &\verb"\cyrl" \\\hline 14 &\mnr M &\mnr m &\verb"M" &\verb"m" &\verb"\CYRM" &\verb"\cyrm" \\\hline 15 &\mnr N &\mnr n &\verb"N" &\verb"n" &\verb"\CYRN" &\verb"\cyrn" \\\hline 16 &\mnr O &\mnr o &\verb"O" &\verb"o" &\verb"\CYRO" &\verb"\cyro" \\\hline 17 &\CYROTLD &\cyrotld &\texttt{\"O}/\verb'"O'&\texttt{\"o}/\verb'"o'&% \verb"\CYROTLD"&\verb"\cyrotld" \rule{0mm}{2.25ex}\\\hline 18 &\mnr P &\mnr p &\verb"P" &\verb"p" &\verb"\CYRP" &\verb"\cyrp" \\\hline 19 &\mnr R &\mnr r &\verb"R" &\verb"r" &\verb"\CYRR" &\verb"\cyrr" \\\hline 20 &\mnr S &\mnr s &\verb"S" &\verb"s" &\verb"\CYRS" &\verb"\cyrs" \\\hline 21 &\mnr T &\mnr t &\verb"T" &\verb"t" &\verb"\CYRT" &\verb"\cyrt" \\\hline 22 &\mnr U &\mnr u &\verb"U" &\verb"u" &\verb"\CYRU" &\verb"\cyru" \\\hline 23 &\mnr "U &\mnr "u &\texttt{\"U}/\verb'"U'&\texttt{\"u}/\verb'"u'&% \verb"\CYRY"&\verb"\cyry" \rule{0mm}{2.25ex}\\\hline 24 &\mnr F &\mnr f &\verb"F" &\verb"f" &\verb"\CYRF" &\verb"\cyrf" \\\hline 25 &\mnr X &\mnr x &\verb"X" &\verb"x" &\verb"\CYRH" &\verb"\cyrh" \\\hline 26 &\mnr H &\mnr h &\verb"H" &\verb"h" &\verb"\CYRHSHA" &\verb"cyrhsha" \\\hline 27 &\mnr C &\mnr c &\verb"C" &\verb"c" &\verb"\CYRC" &\verb"\cyrc" \\\hline 28 &\mnr Q &\mnr q &\verb"Q" &\verb"q" &\verb"\CYRCH" &\verb"\cyrch" \\ & & &\verb"\Ch"&\verb"\ch"& & \\\hline 29 &\mnr\Sh&\mnr\sh&\verb"\Sh"&\verb"\sh"&\verb"\CYRSH"&\verb"\cyrsh"\\ & & & &\verb"sh" & & \\\hline 30 &\mnr\Sc&\mnr\sc&\verb"\Sc"&\verb"\sc"&\verb"\CYRSHCH"&\verb"\cyrshch"\\ & & &\verb"\Qh"&\verb"\qh"& & \\\hline 31 &\mnr \CYRHRDSN &\mnr \cyrsftsn &\verb"\Y" &\verb"\y" &% \verb"\CYRHRDSN" &\verb"\cyrhrdsn" \\\hline 32 &\mnr Y &\mnr y &\verb"Y" &\verb"y" &\verb"\CYRERY" &\verb"\cyrery" \\\hline 33 &\mnr \CYRSFTSN &\mnr \cyrsftsn &\verb"\I" &\verb"\i" &% \verb"\CYRSFTSN" &\verb"\cyrsftsn" \\\hline 34 &\CYREREV &\cyrerev &\texttt{\"A}/\verb'"A'&\texttt{\"a}/\verb'"a'&% \verb"\CYREREV"&\verb"\cyrerev" \rule{0mm}{2.25ex}\\\hline 35 &\mnr YU&\mnr yu&\{\verb"\"\}\verb"YU"&\{\verb"\"\}\verb"yu"&% \verb"\CYRYU"&\verb"\cyryu"\\\hline 36 &\mnr YA&\mnr ya&\{\verb"\"\}\verb"YA"&\{\verb"\"\}\verb"ya"&% \verb"\CYRYA"&\verb"\cyrya"\\\hline \end{tabular} \caption{Cyrillic Alphabet Input Methods\label{cyralpha}} \end{center} \end{table} Front vowels can be entered directly using the encoding slot of a valid and active input encoding, or they can be expressed via an abbreviated \verb'"'\emph{v} notation where \emph{v} stands for any desired vowel. In the \LMC\ encoding used by \MonTeX, \verb'"' is not an active character; selecting the proper letter is done by ligature statements in the Metafont sources. Some letters can be entered with or without a preceding \verb"\", like \cyryu\ and \cyrya. Both \verb"\yu" and \verb"yu" will produce a \cyryu. While \verb"yu" is interpreted as a ligature, \verb"\yu" allows for the character \cyryu\ to be combined with accents. Accents are not commonly used in Mongolian since there are precise rules for word stress. This feature is taken from the \textsf{OT2} encoding and is included mainly for the sake of completeness, convenience and compatibility\footnote{The magic triple-C!}. Here now a sample of Mongolian text: \exa {\mnr<> x"am"a"an aldarshsan, Z"u"un xyazgaaryg toxinuulax sa"id N.~Dugarjaw ardyn xuw\i sgalyn b"u"ur "ax"an "ue"as xamgi"in "agz"agt"a"i am\i\ d"u"is"an alband tomilogdox c"ar"ag da"iny olon quxal daalgawryg xiq"a"ang"u"il"an biel"u"ulj yawsan t"u"uxt"a"i x"un.} \exb \begin{verbatim} {\mnr<> x"am"a"an aldarshsan, Z"u"un xyazgaaryg toxinuulax sa"id N.~Dugarjaw ardyn xuw\i sgalyn b"u"ur "ax"an "ue"as xamgi"in "agz"agt"a"i am\i\ d"u"is"an alband tomilogdox c"ar"ag da"iny olon quxal daalgawryg xiq"a"ang"u"il"an biel"u"ulj yawsan t"u"uxt"a"i x"un.} \end{verbatim} \exc \subsection{Shorthands for embedding words in a different typeface}\label{typefacecapsules} Sometimes it may be necessary to give short portions of text not only in a different encoding (for which the \cmd{lat}\verb:{...}: and \cmd{mnr}\verb:{...}: commands are useful) but it may also be necessary to switch the typeface temporarily. Usually capsules using \verb'\text'\emph{xx} do the work if only the typeface is concerned, and building nested commands like \verb'\textsf{\lat{...}}' is cumbersome if these changes have to be applied very often. \MonTeX\ provides an abbreviated style following the rule \begin{quote} \texttt{[k|l]}\emph{two letter font style code}\verb'{...}' \end{quote} where the font style code is one of \verb'rm', \verb'bf', \verb'it', \verb'sl', \verb'sf', \verb'sc' and \verb'tt', like \verb'\ksl{...}', \verb'\lsc{...}', etc. \subsection{Shorthands for writing transliterated texts} \MonTeX\ provides shortcuts for writing certain accented symbols used in conventional transliterating of Mongolian by haceks, the nasal and the gamma. These shortcuts are essentially mnemonics replacing the somewhat more tedious accent notation (see table~\ref{shortcuts}). \begin{table} \begin{center}\begin{tabular}{ll|ll} %\hline Letter & Input & Letter & Input \\ & & &\\ \hline & & &\\ \ch & \verb"\ch" & \Ch & \verb"\Ch" \\ \jh & \verb"\jh" & \Jh & \verb"\Jh" \\ \sh & \verb"\sh" & \Sh & \verb"\Sh" \\ \zh & \verb"\zh" & \Zh & \verb"\Zh" \\ \ng & \verb"\ng" & \Ng & \verb"\Ng" \\ \g & \verb"\g" & \G & \verb"\G" \\ %\hline \end{tabular}\end{center} \caption{Shortcuts for Mongolian Transliteration Symbols\label{shortcuts}} \end{table} It must be observed that these commands are by default dependent on the environment they are used in. \verb"\Sh" yields a \Sh\ when used in a Latin environment but results in a \mnr\Sh\rnm\ when used in a Cyrillic context\footnote{The authors wish to thank J.~Knappen for resolving one instability in the original code for these letters.}: \exa \emph{\Sh agdar} and \emph{\Ch adraa} are transliterations for {\mnr\Sh agdar} and {\mnr\Ch adraa}. \exb \begin{verbatim} \emph{\Sh agdar} and \emph{\Ch adraa} are transliterations for {\mnr\Sh agdar} and {\mnr\Ch adraa}. \end{verbatim} \exc \section{Uighur Mongolian and Manju Input} A comprehensive table of the Mongolian alphabet and its MLS transliteration, the input conventions of the MLS transliteration in \MonTeX\ and the Simplified Transliteration is given in table~\ref{table:bcgcagan}. \newcommand{\bcgcagan}[4]{% \mbosoo{#1} & \texttt{#2} & \texttt{#3} & \texttt{#4} %\\ } \begin{table}[h] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{cccc|cccc} %\hline Uighur&\multicolumn{2}{c}{MLS} &Simplified &Uighur&\multicolumn{2}{c}{MLS}&Simplified\\ Script&Transl.& Input &Input &Script&Transl.& Input&Input\\ \hline \bcgcagan{a}{a}{a}{a} & \bcgcagan{s}{s}{s}{s} \\ \bcgcagan{E}{\"a}{\"a, E}{e} & \bcgcagan{S}{sh}{S}{sh}\\ \bcgcagan{e}{e}{e}{v} & \bcgcagan{t}{t}{t}{t} \\ \bcgcagan{i}{i}{i}{i} & \bcgcagan{d}{d}{d}{d, t}\\ \bcgcagan{o}{o}{o}{u} & \bcgcagan{l}{l}{l}{l} \\ \bcgcagan{u}{u}{u}{u} & \bcgcagan{m}{m}{m}{m} \\ \bcgcagan{O}{\"o}{\"o, O}{ui, u}& \bcgcagan{c}{c}{c}{c} \\ \bcgcagan{U}{\"u}{\"u, U}{ui, u}& \bcgcagan{z}{z}{z}{z} \\ \bcgcagan{n}{n}{n}{n} & \bcgcagan{y}{y}{y}{y} \\ \bcgcagan{|ng}{*ng}{ng}{ng} & \bcgcagan{r}{r}{r}{r} \\ \bcgcagan{x}{x}{x}{x} & \bcgcagan{v}{v}{v}{v} \\ \bcgcagan{G}{\g}{G}{g} & \bcgcagan{h}{h}{h}{h} \\ \bcgcagan{k}{k}{k}{k} & \bcgcagan{j}{j}{j}{j} \\ \bcgcagan{g}{g}{g}{g, k} & \bcgcagan{K}{K}{K}{K} \\ \bcgcagan{b}{b}{b}{b} & \bcgcagan{Q}{[--]}{Q}{q}\\ \bcgcagan{p}{p}{p}{p} & \bcgcagan{C}{C}{C}{C} \\ \bcgcagan{f}{f}{f}{f} & \bcgcagan{Z}{Z}{Z}{Z} \\ %\hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Mongolian Script Transliterations\label{table:bcgcagan}} \end{table} The possible combinations of Mongolian writing input methods and display commands are listed in table~\ref{table:Combinations}. The columns stand for each possible input encoding, the rows contain the display command types. Each table cell at the contains the command that is available for a given combination of input method and command. \newcommand{\ComparisonTable}[4]{% #1 &% % Command Type #2 &% % MLS Command #3 &% % Simplified Command #4 \\% % Manju Command } \begin{table}[h] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{p{2cm}|p{3.25cm}|p{3.25cm}|p{3.25cm}} Command & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Mongolian}& Manju \\ Type & MLS & Simplified & \\ \hline \ComparisonTable{Document Encoding} {only available as font encoding \LMS, not as document encoding} {\texttt{LMO}} {\texttt{LMA}} \hline \ComparisonTable{Horizontal Capsules} {\refcmd{bcg}} {\refcmd{bicig}} {\refcmd{bithe}} \hline \ComparisonTable{Horizontal Paragraphs} {not available} {\refcmda{bicigtext}} {\refcmda{bithetext}} \hline \ComparisonTable{Vertical Capsules} {\refcmd{mbosoo}} {\refcmd{mobosoo}} {\refcmd{mabosoo}} \hline \ComparisonTable{Vertical Paragraph Boxes} {not available} {\refcmd{mobox}} {\refcmd{mabox}} \hline \ComparisonTable{Vertical Pages} {not available} {\refcmda{bicigpage}} {\refcmda{bithepage}} %\hline \end{tabular} \caption{Mongolian Input and Display Commands\label{table:Combinations}} \end{center} \end{table} While the input method for the majority of characters matches the transliteration conventions, some letters require a slightly different treatment: \begin{enumerate} \item Although the diphtong \mobosoo{*aii*} is usually rendered as \textit{ayi}, it must be entered as \texttt{aii} in order to produce the desired effect. \item The back vowels \emph{o} and \emph{u} are both rendered as \texttt{u}. \item The front vowels \emph{\"o} and \emph{\"u} are both rendered as \texttt{ui} in first syllables and as \texttt{u} in later syllables. \item Since \mobosoo{t} means both \emph{t} and \emph{d}, it is necessary to spell this letter as \texttt{t} in the beginning of words, and \texttt{d} in the middle of words, regardless of the actual meaning. \item The four consonants \emph{\g}, \emph{g}, \emph{x} and \emph{k} are constrained with regard to the following vowels. The Simplified Transliteration renders these as \texttt{g} (before \emph{a} and \emph{u} only), \texttt{g} (before \emph{a} and \emph{u} only), \texttt{x} and \texttt{k}. \end{enumerate} As it was demonstrated in subsection~\ref{section:CyrillicTransliterationMode}, it is technically possible to choose between an automatic document encoding and the neutral mode. In the case of Uighur Mongolian, the mode of choice activates the Simplified Transliteration Mode and is called with \begin{quote} \begin{verbatim} \SetDocumentEncodingBicig \end{verbatim} \end{quote} With \verb"\SetDocumentEncodingBicig"\label{cmd:SetDocumentEncodingBicig} set, it is possible to switch to the Simplified Transliteration Mode anywhere in the document, not only in the preamble. \textit{Caveat:} Since switching to Uighur Mongolian text requires a lot of settings to be effected at the same time, there are high-level commands available (see below all kinds of Mongolian and Manju Display Commands) which do all the work, including the definition of the document encoding. Thus, while \verb|\SetDocumentEncodingBicig| is indeed classified as a user-level command, it is certainly not necessary for everyday work. \subsection{Character Variants} With the assistance of special, non-printing characters like the Form Variant Selectors, the appearance of certain characters can be modified in order to display typographical and orthographical variants. Notably, the \emph{n} will loose its dot before vowels, as will \emph{\g}. Let's assume the word ``place'' is written in an old book as \bicig{g'azar}. It should be understood that this is a variant of \bicig{gazar} and should be spelled \emph{\g'azar}, not \emph{xazar}. With vowels, the Form Variant Selectors can change the shape that is usually required by graphical context. At present, only the first of two Form Variant Selectors actually does something, the exact behaviour of the second Form Variant Selector waits to be implemented. The following short example shows a concrete application of this method. It renders the six syllable mantra \emph{om ma ni padme hum} (tib. {\tib \om, ma nxi pa\V{de}{ma} \hung}) as it is displayed on a huge bronze incense burner in front of the Gandan Monastery in Ulaanbaatar: \exa \mobox{3cm}{\noindent\sffamily \om uva\\ \ ma'=a\\ \ n'i\\ \ badmi'\\ \om huu} \exb \begin{verbatim} \mobox{3cm}{\noindent\sffamily \om uva\\ \ ma'=a\\ \ n'i\\ \ badmi'\\ \om huu} \end{verbatim} \exc \subsection{Special Characters\label{section:SpecialMLSCharacters}} For the correct operation of retransliterating systems processing Mongolian script additional symbols are needed. These include Form Variant Selectors (\textsf{FVS}), the Vowel Separator, and other symbols like the Mongolian Positional Indicator. As can be seen from its usage in table~\ref{table:bcgcagan}, entering \verb|*ng| tells the system to consider this \emph{ng} to be in non-initial position.\footnote{Unfortunately, though it is now commonly agreed in the scientific community that these symbols are needed, their definition is still in a state of flux, and thus the symbols given here are presented on a preliminary basis.} Besides these symbols, table~\ref{table:SpecialMLSCharacters} includes also some useful punctuation marks etc.\ as they are used in Mongolian Script. \begin{table} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{c|l|l} %\hline Symbol & Name & Input \\ \hline \bosoo{\glyphbcg{!}} & Exclamation Mark & \verb|!| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{?}} & Question Mark & \verb|?| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{!?}} & Exclamation Question Mark& \verb|!?| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{?!}} & Question Exclamation Mark& \verb|?!| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{*}} & Mong. Positional Indicator& \verb|*| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{\char32}} & Mongolian Space & \verb*|-| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{(}} & Opening Bracket & \verb|(| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{)}} & Closing Bracket & \verb|)| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{<}} & Opening Angle Bracket & \verb|<| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{>}} & Closing Angle Bracket & \verb|>| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{<<}} & Opening Guillemot & \verb|<<| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{>>}} & Closing Guillemot & \verb|>>| \\ % \bosoo{\glyphbcg{\{}} & Opening Parenthesis & \verb|{| \\ % \bosoo{\glyphbcg{\}}} & Closing Parenthesis & \verb|}| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{'}} & Form Variant Selector 1& \verb|'| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{"}} & Form Variant Selector 2& \verb|"| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{\char43}}& Mong. Vowel Separator & \verb|=| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{|}} & Mongolian Nuruu & \verb'|' \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{.}} & Period & \verb|.| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{,}} & Comma & \verb|,| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{:}} & Colon & \verb|:| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{;}} & D\"orw\"oljin & \verb|;| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{..}} & Ellipsis & \verb|..| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{0}} & Digit zero & \verb|0| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{1}} & Digit one & \verb|1| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{2}} & Digit two & \verb|2| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{3}} & Digit three & \verb|3| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{4}} & Digit four & \verb|4| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{5}} & Digit five & \verb|5| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{6}} & Digit six & \verb|6| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{7}} & Digit seven & \verb|7| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{8}} & Digit eight & \verb|8| \\ \bosoo{\glyphbcg{9}} & Digit nine & \verb|9| \\ % \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Mongolian Script Special Symbols and Punctuation Marks\label{table:SpecialMLSCharacters}} \end{table} \subsection{Manju Input} Manju documents can be compiled with the \refcmda{bithe} option to the \verb|\usepackage| command, which will create complete documents in Manju. Anywhere in the document, it is possible to switch to Manju input (transliteration mode) with \verb"\SetDocumentEncodingBithe"\label{cmd:SetDocumentEncodingBithe} which internally activates the \LMA\label{a:LMA} encoding. \textit{Caveat:} Since switching to Manju text requires a lot of settings to be effected at the same time, there are high-level commands available (see below) which do all the work, including the definition of the document encoding. Thus, while \verb|\SetDocumentEncodingBithe| is indeed classified as a user-level command, it is certainly not necessary for everyday work. \subsection{Basic Character Set and Romanization} Given by dictionary order, the system provides a basic character set as shown in table~\ref{table:ManjuBasicChars}. \newcommand{\MaEntry}[3]{\mabosoo{#1}& #2 & #3 } \begin{table} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ccc|ccc|ccc} Manju&Input&Latin&Manju&Input&Latin&Manju&Input&Latin\\ \hline \MaEntry{a}{a}{a} & \MaEntry{h}{h}{h} & \MaEntry{c}{c}{c} \\ \MaEntry{e}{e}{e} & \MaEntry{b}{b}{b} & \MaEntry{j}{j}{j} \\ \MaEntry{i}{i}{i} & \MaEntry{p}{p}{p} & \MaEntry{y}{y}{y} \\ \MaEntry{o*}{o}{o} & \MaEntry{s}{s}{s} & \MaEntry{k'}{k'}{k'} \\ \MaEntry{u*}{u}{u} & \MaEntry{s'}{s'}{\v s} & \MaEntry{g'}{g'}{g'} \\ \MaEntry{v}{v}{\={u}} & \MaEntry{t}{t}{t} & \MaEntry{h'}{h'}{h'} \\ \MaEntry{n}{n}{n} & \MaEntry{d}{d}{d} & \MaEntry{r}{r}{r} \\ \MaEntry{k}{k}{k} & \MaEntry{l}{l}{l} & \MaEntry{f}{f}{f} \\ \MaEntry{g}{g}{g} & \MaEntry{m}{m}{m} & \MaEntry{w}{w}{w} \\ \end{tabular} \caption{Manju Basic Character Set\label{table:ManjuBasicChars}} \end{center} \end{table} While the input method for the majority of characters matches the transliteration conventions, some letters require a slightly different treatment: \begin{enumerate} \item Although the diphtong \mabosoo{*aii*} is usually rendered as \textit{ai}, it must be entered as \texttt{aii} in order to produce the desired effect. \item The vowel which is conventionally rendered as \textit{\^u} or \textit{\=u} \mabosoo{v} can be entered as \texttt{v} or as \verb|\={u}| due to the fact that a character \textit{\^u} is not readily available on most systems. \item The consonant \textit{\v s} \mabosoo{s'} can be entered as \texttt{s'} or as \verb|\v{s}|, but not as *\texttt{sh} as to avoid undesired mergers of \textit{s} and \textit{h} like in \textit{ishun} \mabosoo{ishun} which should not be *\textit{i\v{s}un} \mabosoo{is'un}! \end{enumerate} \subsection{Small Portions of Mongolian and Manju in Running Text} For displaying short Mongolian snippets in running text use \begin{itemize} \item [MLS Romanization] \cmd{bcg}\verb|{...}|. \item [Simplified Transliteration] \cmd{bicig}\verb|{...}|. \end{itemize} For displaying short Manju snippets in running text use \cmd{bithe}\verb|{...}|. \exa This is \bicig{munggul bicik}. That is \bithe{manju bithe}. \exb \begin{verbatim} This is \bicig{munggul bicik}. That is \bithe{manju bithe}. \end{verbatim} \exc \subsection{Horizontal Paragraphs of Mongolian or Manju Text} If one needs more than a few words of Mongolian or Manju but does not want to change the line orientation, then the environments \cmda{bicigtext} for Mongolian (which should be entered in Mongolian Simplified Transliteration) and \cmda{bithetext} for Manju are useful. \exa \begin{bicigtext} uindur gegen zanabazar. 17..18 d'ugar zagun-u munggul-un neiigem, ulus tuiru, shasin-u uiiles-tu, ilangguy=a uralig-un kuikzil-du uncukui ekurge kuiicedgeksen uindur gegen zanabazar, cingkis xagan-u aldan urug-un izagur surbulzidan abadai saiin nuyan xan-u kuiu tuisiyedu xan gumbudurzi-yin ger-tu 1635 un-du tuiruksen.% \end{bicigtext} \exb {\mdoublehyphenon \begin{verbatim} \begin{bicigtext} uindur gegen zanabazar. 17..18 d'ugar zagun-u munggul-un neiigem, ulus tuiru, shasin-u uiiles-tu, ilangguy=a uralig-un kuikzil-du uncukui ekurge kuiicedgeksen uindur gegen zanabazar, cingkis xagan-u aldan urug-un izagur surbulzidan abadai saiin nuyan xan-u kuiu tuisiyedu xan gumbudurzi-yin ger-tu 1635 un-du tuiruksen. \end{bicigtext} \end{verbatim}} \exc \exa \begin{bithetext} han-i araha sunja hacin-i hergen kamciha manju gisun-i buleku bithe. abkai so\v{s}ohon. emu hacin. nadan meyen.% \end{bithetext} \exb \begin{verbatim} \begin{bithetext} han-i araha sunja hacin-i hergen kamciha manju gisun-i buleku bithe. abkai so\v{s}ohon. emu hacin. nadan meyen.% \end{bithetext} \end{verbatim} \exc \subsection{Vertical Capsules} Individual Mongolian and Manju words can be placed vertically anywhere in otherwise horizontal text like in the keyword entry of dictionaries.\footnote{Famous dictionaries with a mixture of vertical and horizontal printing are I.~J.~Schmidt's Mongolian-Russian-German dictionary (1835) and F.~Lessing's Mongolian-English dictionary (1960).}.\marginpar{% \mbosoo{mongGol}\mbosoo{bicig} \vspace{2.54mm} \raggedright\small without PostScript support Mongolian text enclosed in vertical capsules will be printed \emph{horizontally}!} The capsule containing the Mongolian or Manju word will automatically request sufficient space so that ugly overlaps with neighbouring lines will not happen. For presenting text given in broad (or MLS) transliteration, use the command \cmd{mbosoo}\verb|{...}|; when writing in Mongolian Simplified Transliteration, use \cmd{mobosoo}\verb|{...}|; likewise for Manju, use \cmd{mabosoo}\verb|{...}|. All these commands are derived from a command \cmd{bosoo}\verb|{...}| which places text in vertical capsules but leaves the contents untouched as far as the encoding is concerned. \exa This is \bosoo{vertical} \bosoo{text}. This is \mbosoo{mongGol} \mbosoo{bicig}, this is \mobosoo{munggul} \mobosoo{bicik}, that is \mabosoo{manju} \mabosoo{bithe}. \exb \begin{verbatim} This is \bosoo{vertical} \bosoo{text}. This is \mbosoo{mongGol} \mbosoo{bicig}, this is \mobosoo{munggul} \mobosoo{bicik}, that is \mabosoo{manju} \mabosoo{bithe}. \end{verbatim} \exc \subsection{Vertical Text Boxes} For presenting individual paragraphs of Mongolian or Manju text in vertical manner in an otherwise horizontal text, there are the box commands \cmd{mobox}\verb|{...}{...}| for Mongolian% \footnote{Mongolian input \emph{must} be coded in Mongolian Simplified Transliteration; MLS input won't work.} and \cmd{mabox}\verb|{...}{...}| for Manju. These boxes take two arguments. The first argument indicates the \textit{vertical depth} of the box, or its line length. The second argument contains the desired text. \exa \mobox{7.5cm}{% % uindur gegen zanabazar. % 17..18 d'ugar zagun-u munggul-un neiigem, ulus tuiru, shasin-u uiiles-tu, ilangguy=a uralig-un kuikzil-du uncukui ekurge kuiicedgeksen uindur gegen zanabazar, cingkis xagan-u aldan urug-un izagur surbulzidan abadai saiin nuyan xan-u kuiu tuisiyedu xan gumbudurzi-yin ger-tu 1635 un-du tuiruksen.% } \exb %\vskip-9cm {\mdoublehyphenon \begin{verbatim} \mobox{7.5cm}{% uindur gegen zanabazar. 17..18 d'ugar zagun-u munggul-un neiigem, ulus tuiru, shasin-u uiiles-tu, ilangguy=a uralig-un kuikzil-du uncukui ekurge kuiicedgeksen uindur gegen zanabazar, cingkis xagan-u aldan urug-un izagur surbulzidan abadai saiin nuyan xan-u kuiu tuisiyedu xan gumbudurzi-yin ger-tu 1635 un-du tuiruksen.% } \end{verbatim}} \exc \exa \mabox{3.75cm}{% \noindent\raggedleft han-i araha sunja hacin-i hergen kamciha manju gisun-i buleku bithe. abkai so\v{s}ohon. emu hacin. nadan meyen.% } \exb %\vskip-5.25cm \begin{verbatim} \mabox{3.75cm}{% \raggedleft han-i araha sunja hacin-i hergen kamciha manju gisun-i buleku bithe. abkai so\v{s}ohon. emu hacin. nadan meyen.% } \end{verbatim} \exc \subsection{Full Vertical Text Pages\label{BicigandBithe}} If you need several pages of Mongolian output, enclose your text in an evironment \cmda{bicigpage}, and use \cmda{bithepage} likewise for Manju texts. Note that Mongolian must be entered in Simplified Transliteration. Finally, if you want the whole document and its basic language to be Classical, or Uighur Mongolian, say \verb|\usepackage[bicig,...]{mls}|. Likewise, complete Manju documents are produced with \verb|\usepackage[bithe,...]{mls}|. If you start a document with a \verb|\usepackage[bicig]{mls}| declaration you can still switch back to Latin by issuing an \verb|\end{bicigpage}| command. Likewise, if you start a document with a \verb|\usepackage[bithe]{mls}| declaration you can still switch back to Latin by issuing an \verb|\end{bithepage}| command. The following snippet of Mongolian text is presented in full page mode on the next pages, first in Simplified Transliteration form, then in Uighur form; in order to achieve this result the text had to be included in the environment \texttt{bicigpage}. \noindent \begin{figure} \begin{verbatim} \begin{bicigpage} uindur gegen zanabazar. 17||18 d'ugar zagun-u munggul-un neiigem, ulus tuiru, shasin-u uiiles-tu, ilangguy=a uralig-un kuikzil-du uncugui ekurge kuiicedgeksen uindur gegen zanabazar, cingkis xagan-u aldan urug-un izagur surbulzidan abadai saiin nuyan xan-u kuiu tuisiyedu xan gumbudurzi-yin ger-tu 1635 un-du tuiruksen. badu muingke dayan xagan-u 6-d'aki uiy=e-yin kuimun. gurban nasudai-d'agan num ungsizu enedkek gazar tuibed kele-yi xar=a ayandagan surcu, keuked axui cag-aca erdem num-un duiri-tei bulugsan zanabazar 15 nasu-tai-dagan baragun zuu (lhasa) uruzu tabudugar dalai lam=a-d'u shabilan saguzu, ulamar zebCundamba-yin xubilgan tudurazei. uran barimalci, zirugaci, kele sinzigeci, uran barilgaci, kuin uxagandan zanabazar ulan zagun zil-un daiin tululdugan-d'u nerbekden suliduzu, zugsunggi baiidal-d'u urugsan dumdadu zagun-u munggul-un suyul uralig-i serkun manduxu-d'u yeke xubi nemekuri urugulugsan yum. tekun-u abiyas bilig nuiri yeke kuidelmuri-ber munggul-un uralig nigen uiy=e tanigdasi uigei uindurlik-tu kuiruksen azei. xarin 1654 un-d'u neiislel kuiriyen-u tulg=a-yin cilagu-yi tabilcagsan zanabazar-un uran barilg=a-yin buidugel-ece uinudur-i uizeksen zuiil barug uigei ni xaramsaldai. zanabazar uindesun-u bicig uisuk-i kuikzikulku-d'u beyecilen urulcazu, suyungbu uisuk-i zukiyazu ene uiy=e suyungbu ni man-u tusagar tugdanil-un belge temdek bulugsagar baiin=a. tere-ber <> gedek silukleksen zukiyal-d'agan arad tuimen-u-ben engke amugulang, saiin saiixan-i imagda kuisen muirugedezu yabudag sedkil-un-iien uige-i ilerkeiileksen baiidag. uindur gegen duirsuleku uralig-un xubi-d'u uirun=e-yin sunggudag-ud-tai eng zergeceku buidugel-tei kuimun abacu basa xari ulus-un buzar bacir arg=a-d'u abdagdan yabugsan nigen. ... ... more text ... ... \end{bicigpage} \end{verbatim} \caption{Input Example of a Mongolian text} \end{figure} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \begin{bicigpage} uindur gegen zanabazar. 17||18 d'ugar zagun-u munggul-un neiigem, ulus tuiru, shasin-u uiiles-tu, ilangguy=a uralig-un kuikzil-du uncugui ekurge kuiicedgeksen uindur gegen zanabazar, cingkis xagan-u aldan urug-un izagur surbulzidan abadai saiin nuyan xan-u kuiu tuisiyedu xan gumbudurzi-yin ger-tu 1635 un-du tuiruksen. badu muingke dayan xagan-u 6-d'aki uiy=e-yin kuimun. gurban nasudai-d'agan num ungsizu enedkek gazar tuibed kele-yi xar=a ayandagan surcu, keuked axui cag-aca erdem num-un duiri-tei bulugsan zanabazar 15 nasu-tai-dagan baragun zuu (lhasa) uruzu tabudugar dalai lam=a-d'u shabilan saguzu, ulamar zebCundamba-yin xubilgan tudurazei. uran barimalci, zirugaci, kele sinzigeci, uran barilgaci, kuin uxagandan zanabazar ulan zagun zil-un daiin tululdugan-d'u nerbekden suliduzu, zugsunggi baiidal-d'u urugsan dumdadu zagun-u munggul-un suyul uralig-i serkun manduxu-d'u yeke xubi nemekuri urugulugsan yum. tekun-u abiyas bilig nuiri yeke kuidelmuri-ber munggul-un uralig nigen uiy=e tanigdasi uigei uindurlik-tu kuiruksen azei. xarin 1654 un-d'u neiislel kuiriyen-u tulg=a-yin cilagu-yi tabilcagsan zanabazar-un uran barilg=a-yin buidugel-ece uinudur-i uizeksen zuiil barug uigei ni xaramsaldai. zanabazar uindesun-u bicig uisuk-i kuikzikulku-d'u beyecilen urulcazu, suyungbu uisuk-i zukiyazu ene uiy=e suyungbu ni man-u tusagar tugdanil-un belge temdek bulugsagar baiin=a. tere-ber <> gedek silukleksen zukiyal-d'agan arad tuimen-u-ben engke amugulang, saiin saiixan-i imagda kuisen muirugedezu yabudag sedkil-un-iien uige-i ilerkeiileksen baiidag. uindur gegen duirsuleku uralig-un xubi-d'u uirun=e-yin sunggudag-ud-tai eng zergeceku buidugel-tei kuimun abacu basa xari ulus-un buzar bacir arg=a-d'u abdagdan yabugsan nigen. munggul-d'u urcigulxu uxagan yeke delgerezu baiigsan ni man-u erden ba dumdadu uiy=e-yin suyul-un nigen uncalig azei. erden-u enedkek-un kuin uxagan-u iragu naiirag, kele bicik-un sudulul, anagaxu uxagan, uralaxu uxagan zerge tabun uxagan-u zukiyal-i bagdagagsan buikude 334 budi <>, <>-i num-un mergen bagsi kuinggaudsar terikudei 64 erdemden lama urcigulun neiideleksen baiin=a. 400 zil-un terdege urcigulg=a-yin iimu eke kuiriyeleng munggul-d'u azillazu baiigsan-i tuisugelen buduxu-d'u baxadai. munggulcud erden-ece inagsi daguu xugur-tai buizik nagadum-tai xurdun kuiluk murid-tai. er=e-yin gurban nagadum-i erkimelen kuikzilduzu, ide xabu-ban bulgazu ireksen baiin=a. munggul-un zirgalang ni buizik, xurim bile. xudala-i xagan-d'u erkumzileged xurxunag-un sagalagar mudun-u duur=a xabirg=a gazar-i xalcaradal=a, ebuduk gazar-i uilduredel=e debkecen buiziklezu xurimlaba gesen uige <>-d'u bui. munggul arad-un medelge uxagan erde-ece inagsi mal azu axui, udun urun, gazar zuii, anagaxu uxagan, baiigali, neiigem-un ulan salburi-bar kuikzizu irebe. <>, <>, <>, <> medu teuke-yin ulan arban zukiyal gargazei. manzu nar <>-i muikugeku-yi kedui-ber uruldubacu uyun bilikdu, cecen celmek, erdem uxagandan tuduran garugsagar baiiba. 19-d'uger zagun bul iragu naiiragci dangzirabzai. yeke zukiyalci inzinasi dangzigvangzil nar-un amidurazu, buidugezu baiigsan uiy=e bile. \end{bicigpage} \subsection{Pure Uighur Mongolian and Manju Documents} Writing a complete document in Mongolian or Manju is as simple and straightforward as writing a document in English or Xalx Mongolian. The example file, \texttt{zanabazr.tex} (shipped together with this documentation and located in the directory \texttt{../examples/}) demonstrates how a pure Mongolian Bicig document can be created. \begin{figure}[h] \begin{verbatim} \documentclass{article} \usepackage[bicig]{mls} \begin{document} uindur gegen zanabazar. 17||18 d'ugar zagun-u munggul-un neiigem, ulus tuiru, shasin-u uiiles-tu, ilangguy=a uralig-un kuikzil-du ... ... more text ... ... \end{document} \end{verbatim} \end{figure} The concept is the same for Manju documents: instead of \cmda{bicig} one would use the \verb|\usepackage[...]{mls}| option \cmda{bithe} and enter Manju text. \subsection{Font Selection Commands} There are two distinct styles of Mongolian script: one style is typically used for modern print, whereas the other style appears in old block prints and stone inscriptions. Since there is no proper equivalent between Latin and Mongolian typographical features, a somewhat arbitrary assignment was made to the effect that the block print style can be activated by setting the font family sans serif with \cmd{sffamily}. In contrast, setting the roman default family with \cmd{rmfamily} switches back to the modern style. \exa \mobox{2cm}{% \parindent=0pt \par munggul\\ \sffamily munggul\\ \rmfamily munggul } \exb \begin{verbatim} \mobox{2cm}{\noindent munggul\\ \sffamily munggul\\ \rmfamily munggul} \end{verbatim} \exc \end{document}