%\VignetteIndexEntry{Mergeomics}
%\VignetteKeywords{Integrative network analysis of omics data}
%\VignettePackage{Mergeomics}

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\begin{document}
\SweaveOpts{concordance=TRUE}
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\setkeys{Gin}{width=0.99\textwidth}

\title{\bf Mergeomics: Integrative Network Analysis of Omics Data}

\maketitle

\begin{center}
\author{Ville-Petteri Makinen, Le Shu, Yuqi Zhao, Zeyneb Kurt, Bin Zhang, 
Xia Yang}\\

Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 
Los Angeles\\
South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute\\
Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine\\

\end{center}

\begin{center}
zhaoyuqi616@ucla.edu, zeyneb@ucla.edu, icestrike@ucla.edu, 
xyang123@ucla.edu
\end{center}



If you use mergeomics in published research, please cite:

Shu L, Zhao Y, Kurt Z, Byars S, Tukiainen T, Kettunen J, Ripatti S, Zhang B,
Inouye M, Makinen VP, Yang X. Mergeomics: integration of diverse genomics 
resources to identify pathogenic perturbations to biological systems.
bioRxiv doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/036012


\tableofcontents

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Introduction}

The recent revolution in genomic technologies has enabled the generation of 
massive amount of molecular data encompassing genetic, transcriptomic, 
epigenomic, metabolomics, and proteomics, which have become easily accessible
in public domains and private sectors. It is increasingly recognized that 
analysis of individual types of data separately only reveals a fraction of 
the complex biology and often misses the key players driving diseases, making
multi-dimensional big data integration an urgent need. Mergeomics package is 
developed as a capable and flexible pipeline to integrate various types of 
disease association data such as genetic association (e.g, GWAS or exome 
sequencing), transcriptome-wide association (e.g., TWAS from microarray or 
RNA sequencing studies), and epigenetic association (e.g., EWAS from methylome
association studies), functional genomics (such as eQTLs and ENCODE 
annotations), biological pathways, and gene networks to identify 
disease-associated gene sub-networks and key regulatory genes.

In this tutorial, we will assume that you have downloaded the standalone 
Mergeomics package from 

http://mergeomics.research.idre.ucla.edu/Download/Package/

Mergeomics.tar.gz and install it using the following commands: 

<<echo=TRUE,print=FALSE,eval=FALSE,message=FALSE,warning=FALSE,results=hide>>=
install.packages("Mergeomics.tar.gz", repos = NULL, 
type="source")
## or from bioconductor3.3 release, use following lines:
source("https://bioconductor.org/biocLite.R")
biocLite("Mergeomics")
@

However, if you want, you can also try out these examples with our webserver at
http://mergeomics.research.idre.ucla.edu. If you have any questions regarding
this document or the described software, please contact us: Xia Yang
(xyang123@ucla.edu).

\section{Tutorials}

The whole Mergeomics pipeline can be divided into two major components: 
1) Marker Set Enrichment Analysis (MSEA), 2) Weighted Key Driver Analysis 
(wKDA). In the following step, we will illustrate how to implement Mergeomics
using one sample dataset, the descriptions of which are as follows. 

\subsection{Input Data Preparation}

In this part we described the datasets used by Mergeomics. Mergeomics is 
designed to integrate summary level data or curated resources, thus light 
data-preprocessing work is expected for user to convert datasets into 
Mergeomics ready format. For the convenience of users, we also deposited a 
rich collection of datasets that can be directly used for analysis in the 
Mergeomics webserver. Of note, Mergeomics is not able to directly process raw 
data from omics studies (e.g., sequencing reads).

Mergeomics calls for five types of datasets. All files should contain tab 
delimited plain text.

\textbf{1. Marker-disease association summary result:} Summary result files 
from association studies such as GWAS, TWAS or EWAS. Only two columns are 
required, MARKER and VALUE. The MARKER column gives the IDs of the markers 
(e.g., reference SNP ID), whereas the VALUE column contains the -log10 
transformed association P values for the markers. The package provides a 
sample summary file from the Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) from Global Lipids Genetics 
Consortium [1].

\textbf{2. Gene-marker mapping file: } Data that defines the mapping of genes 
and markers. Two columns are required, GENE and MARKER. Common resources for 
the file is chromosomal distance based mapping, eQTL based mapping and ENCODE 
based mapping. The Mergeomics webserver provides a comprehensive collection 
of above-mentioned mapping files. Experienced users can also generate their 
own mapping files from publicly available resources such as GTEx and ENCODE.
The package provides a sample mapping file where the GWAS loci were projected 
to genes within 40 Kb distance from gene region.

\textbf{3. Functionally related gene-sets:}  Two columns are required, MODULE 
and GENE. The MODULE column defines the grouping of genes, normally by their 
functional relatedness. Gene-sets can be derived from canonical pathways, 
co-expression modules or differential genes under experimental conditions. 
The sample gene-sets in the package is the coexpression networks re-constructed
 in mouse/human liver tissues, containing 2674 modules[2-6].

\textbf{4. Gene regulatory networks:} Three columns are required, HEAD, TAIL 
and WEIGHT. If the user is using a directional network, then the starting 
nodes should be put in the HEAD column, while the ending nodes should be put 
in the TAIL column. If a non-directional network is used, users have to set 
the corresponding wKDA parameter to ``non-directional'', and are then safe to 
switch the HEAD and TAIL column. The WEIGHT column normally contains the 
confidence score or consensus score (if users merge multiple networks into 
one) of edges. If no weight information is available, simply fix all WEIGHT 
value to 1. The packages provides a sample Bayesian networks generated from 
mouse/human liver tissues [2-6].

\textbf{5. Marker dependency structure file (Optional):} This file is needed 
if users plan to use the MDPrune module. Three columns are required, MARKERa, 
MARKERb and WEIGHT. The WEIGHT column describes the degree of dependency 
(e.g., linkage disequilibrium R2) between MARKERa and MARKERb.

\subsection{MDPrune}

Before taking any further steps, we recommend users to preprocess datasets to 
filter dependency structure among markers (e.g. Linkage disequilibrium),
as marker dependency may cause artifacts and biases in the downstream analysis.
We have provided an external C++ program named MDPrune 
(http://mergeomics.research.idre.ucla.edu/Download/MDPrune/), which can remove
marker dependency while preferentially keeping those with a
strong statistical association with traits.

The commands are listed as follows:

\begin{center}
mdprune MARFile MAPFile MDSFile OutPath [Cutoff]
\end{center}

The file format request for MDPrune is the same as main Mergeomics pipeline, 
where;

MARFile is the association study summary file 

MAPFile is the Gene-marker mapping file;  

MDSFile is the marker dependency structure file.

Here, we chose a moderate cutoff (R\texttwosuperior \textgreater 0.7) for 
the dataset. 

\subsection{One-step Mergeomics}

In this section, we first provide an one-step way to run the whole pipeline.
One-step running of the pipeline can be accomplished either with a built-in
function including all function calls in it or by explicitly calling/running
all the required functions related with the pipeline processes one-by-one 
sequentially.

We demonstrated the either ways of one-step Mergeomics pipeline with the 
code chunks given in this section. Then, the step-by-step processing of
the pipeline will be described in detail in separate sections.

The first way of one-step pipeline calling is given in the following 
code chunk. It is achieved by one built-in function call (MSEA.KDA.onestep).

<<echo=TRUE,print=FALSE,eval=FALSE,message=FALSE,warning=FALSE,results=hide>>=
###########################################################
#######    One-step analysis for Mergeomics - 1st way    ##
###########################################################
## Import library scripts.
library(Mergeomics)

## first, give the module info file, genefile, marker file, and network file
## paths for the pipeline
plan <- list()
plan$label <- "hdlc"
plan$folder <- "Results"
plan$genfile <- system.file("extdata", 
"genes.hdlc_040kb_ld70.human_eliminated.txt", package="Mergeomics")
plan$marfile <- system.file("extdata", 
"marker.hdlc_040kb_ld70.human_eliminated.txt", package="Mergeomics")
plan$modfile <- system.file("extdata", 
"modules.mousecoexpr.liver.human.txt", package="Mergeomics")
plan$inffile <- system.file("extdata", 
"coexpr.info.txt", package="Mergeomics")
plan$netfile <- system.file("extdata", 
"network.mouseliver.mouse.txt", package="Mergeomics")

## second, define pipeline parameters (e.g. permutation #, seed for random #
## generator, min and max module sizes, max overlapping ratio, etc.)
plan$permtype <- "gene" ## default setting is gene permutation
plan$nperm <- 100 ## default value is 20000
plan$mingenes <- 10   ## default value is 10
plan$maxgenes <- 500   ## default value is 500

## then, call the one-step pipeline function including both MSEA and KDA steps
plan <- MSEA.KDA.onestep(plan, apply.MSEA=TRUE, apply.KDA=TRUE, 
maxoverlap.genesets=0.20, symbol.transfer.needed=TRUE, 
sym.from=c("HUMAN", "MOUSE"), sym.to=c("HUMAN", "MOUSE"))
## NOTE: default value of maxoverlap.genesets=0.33; but in all the examples of
## this tutorial it is 0.2 (see job.msea$rmax<- 0.2 in the following example)
## maxoverlap.genesets=0.33 (or job.msea$rmax<- 0.33) is recommended to use.
@

The second way of one-step pipeline calling is given in the following 
code chunk. Here, we need to explicitly and sequentially call main functions
of both MSEA and KDA processes.

<<echo=TRUE,print=FALSE,eval=TRUE,message=FALSE,warning=FALSE,results=hide>>=
###########################################################
#######    One-step analysis for Mergeomics - 2nd way    ##
###########################################################
## Import library scripts.
library(Mergeomics)
################ MSEA (Marker set enrichment analysis)  ###
job.msea <- list()
job.msea$label <- "hdlc"
job.msea$folder <- "Results"
job.msea$genfile <- system.file("extdata", 
"genes.hdlc_040kb_ld70.human_eliminated.txt", package="Mergeomics")
job.msea$marfile <- system.file("extdata", 
"marker.hdlc_040kb_ld70.human_eliminated.txt", package="Mergeomics")
job.msea$modfile <- system.file("extdata", 
"modules.mousecoexpr.liver.human.txt", package="Mergeomics")
job.msea$inffile <- system.file("extdata", "coexpr.info.txt", 
package="Mergeomics")
job.msea$nperm <- 100 ## default value is 20000 (this is recommended)
job.msea <- ssea.start(job.msea)
job.msea <- ssea.prepare(job.msea)
job.msea <- ssea.control(job.msea)
job.msea <- ssea.analyze(job.msea)
job.msea <- ssea.finish(job.msea)
#########  Create intermediary datasets for KDA ###########
syms <- tool.read(system.file("extdata", "symbols.txt", 
package="Mergeomics"))
syms <- syms[,c("HUMAN", "MOUSE")]
names(syms) <- c("FROM", "TO")

## default and recommended rmax=0.33.
## min.module.count is the number of the pathways to be taken from the MSEA
## results to merge. If it is not specified (NULL), all the pathways having 
## MSEA-FDR value less than 0.25 will be considered for merging if they are 
## overlapping with the given ratio rmax. 
job.kda <- ssea2kda(job.msea, rmax=0.2, symbols=syms, min.module.count=NULL) 
#######   wKDA (Weighted key driver analysis)    ##########
job.kda$netfile <- system.file("extdata", 
"network.mouseliver.mouse.txt", package="Mergeomics")
job.kda <- kda.configure(job.kda)
job.kda <- kda.start(job.kda)
job.kda <- kda.prepare(job.kda)
job.kda <- kda.analyze(job.kda)
job.kda <- kda.finish(job.kda)
######  Prepare network files for visualization   #########
## Creates the input files for Cytoscape (http://www.cytoscape.org/)
job.kda <- kda2cytoscape(job.kda)
@


After that, we focused on each pipeline process in the following sections.

\subsection{Marker set enrichment analysis (MSEA)}
The purpose of the MSEA is to leverage genome/epigenome wide association data,
function genomics, canonical pathways and/or data-driven gene modules for 
identifying causal subnetworks for disease/traits.

<<echo=TRUE,print=FALSE,eval=FALSE,message=FALSE,warning=FALSE,results=hide>>=
###########################################################
## Import Mergeomics library.
library("Mergeomics")
## create an empty list for setting parameters
job.msea <- list()
## Next, label your project
job.msea$label <- "HDLC"
## The pathway size varies from 1 to a few thousands and will
## introduce bias to the analysis. We set criteria for the 
## min. (mingenes) and max. (maxgenes) gene size for the pathways.
job.msea$maxgenes <- 500
job.msea$mingenes <- 10
## The permutation setting and number of permutations. We recommend 
## using gene permutation due to its robust performance. 
## The alternative is locus permutation.
job.msea$permtype <- "gene"
job.msea$nperm <- 100 ## default value is 20000 (this is recommended)
## set the output folder
job.msea$folder <- "./Results"
## The parameter genfile defines the Marker-to-Gene mapping file
## It contains two columns, GENE and MARKER, delimited by tab 
job.msea$genfile <- system.file("extdata", 
"genes.hdlc_040kb_ld70.human_eliminated.txt", package="Mergeomics")
## The parameter marfile defines the Disease association data file
## It contains two columns, MARKER and VALUE, delimited by tab
## Here, the marfile comes from the GWAS file after marker 
## dependency pruning, so the VALUE is the minus log10 transformed
job.msea$marfile <- system.file("extdata", 
"marker.hdlc_040kb_ld70.human_eliminated.txt", package="Mergeomics")
## The modfile defines the pathway information, which could come 
## from knowledge-based databases (such as KEGG, and Reactome) 
## or data-driven data sets (such as co-expression modules).
## It contains two columns, MOUDLE and GENE, delimited by tab
job.msea$modfile <- system.file("extdata", 
"modules.mousecoexpr.liver.human.txt", package="Mergeomics")
## The inffile provides the basic descriptions for the pathways
## It contains three columns, MODULE, SOURCE, and DESCR, which 
## provide information for pathway IDs corresponding to the 
## pathway names in modfile, the sources of the pathways, and
## pathway annotations
job.msea$inffile <- system.file("extdata", "coexpr.info.txt", 
package="Mergeomics")
## Then, MSEA will run for ~30 minutes to ~2 hours
job.msea <- ssea.start(job.msea)
job.msea <- ssea.prepare(job.msea)
job.msea <- ssea.control(job.msea)
job.msea <- ssea.analyze(job.msea)
job.msea <- ssea.finish(job.msea)
###########################################################
@


\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Summary result of MSEA}
\label{MSEAres}
\begin{tabular}{llll}
\hline \textbf{Pathways} & \textbf{Pvalues} & \textbf{FDRs} & 
\textbf{Descriptions} \\
\hline 5099 & 3.48E-04 & 6.05\% & 5099:liver \\
\hline 4588 & 1.05E-03 & 13.64\% & 4588:liver \\
\hline 4737 & 2.01E-03 & 21.02\% & 4737:liver \\
\hline 4128 & 4.44E-03 & 30.24\% & 4128:liver \\
\hline 5117 & 5.22E-03 & 32.03\% & 5117:liver \\
\hline 6645 & 5.24E-03 & 32.05\% & 6645:liver \\
\hline 5104 & 5.50E-03 & 32.29\% & 5104:liver \\
\hline 4094 & 7.65E-03 & 33.93\% & 4094:liver \\
\hline 4932 & 7.95E-03 & 34.12\% & 4932:liver  
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

A part of the original results is listed in Table 1. The pathways 
satisfying certain cutoffs (e.g. FDR\textless 30\%) will be used for the next
step and can be further annotated using diverse tools, such as DAVID 
(http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/). 

\subsubsection{ModuleMerge}

Usually, pathways/modules collected from different sources will have certain 
degree of redundancies, or refer to the same processes. In this case, users 
could merge the disease-related pathways into relatively independent gene 
sets, which exceed a given FDR cutoff after running MSEA.

<<echo=TRUE,print=FALSE,eval=FALSE,message=FALSE,warning=FALSE,results=hide>>=
###########################################################
job <-list()
job$folder <- c("module_merge")
## The moddata and modinfo either come from the significant pathways found in
## any previous MSEA run or these files can be manually curated by the user.
## moddata is an obligatory input file; while modinfo is an optional input.
## It is recommended to merge the overlapping pathways among significant
## ones before applying KDA to proceed with the independent gene sets.
moddata <- tool.read(system.file("extdata", "Significant_pathways.txt",
package="Mergeomics"), c("MODULE","GENE"))
modinfo <- tool.read(system.file("extdata", "Significant_pathways.info.txt",
package="Mergeomics"),c("MODULE","SOURCE","DESCR"))

syms <- tool.read(system.file("extdata", "symbols.txt", 
package="Mergeomics"))
syms <- syms[,c("HUMAN", "MOUSE")]
names(syms) <- c("FROM", "TO")
moddata$GENE <- tool.translate(words=moddata$GENE, from=syms$FROM,
to=syms$TO)

## Merge and trim overlapping modules.
rmax <- 0.2
moddata$OVERLAP <- moddata$MODULE
moddata <- tool.coalesce(items=moddata$GENE, groups=moddata$MODULE, 
rcutoff=rmax)
moddata$MODULE <- moddata$CLUSTER
moddata$GENE <- moddata$ITEM
moddata$OVERLAP <- moddata$GROUPS
moddata <- moddata[,c("MODULE", "GENE", "OVERLAP")]
moddata <- unique(moddata)
modinfo <- modinfo[which(!is.na(match(modinfo[,1], moddata[,1]))), ]

## Mark modules with overlaps.
for(i in which(moddata$MODULE != moddata$OVERLAP)){
    modinfo[which(modinfo[,"MODULE"] == moddata[i,"MODULE"]), 
            "MODULE"] <- paste(moddata[i,"MODULE"], "..", sep=",")
    moddata[i,"MODULE"] <- paste(moddata[i,"MODULE"], "..", sep=",")
}
## Save merged module data and info for KDA.
modfile <- "mergedModules.txt"
modinfofile <- "mergedModules.info.txt"
moddata$NODE <- moddata$GENE
tool.save(frame=unique(moddata[,c("MODULE", "GENE", "OVERLAP", "NODE")]),
file=modfile, directory=job$folder)
tool.save(frame=unique(modinfo[,c("MODULE","SOURCE","DESCR")]),
file=modinfofile, directory=job$folder)
###########################################################
@

Users are also recommended to analyze the merged genesets with MSEA again 
to confirm that they are still significantly associated with disease.

\subsubsection{Meta-MSEA}

When multiple disease association datasets are available, meta-MSEA can be
used to conduct meta-analysis at pathway or network level. This function 
allows user to achieve maximal power by combining results from independent
association studies of different ethnicity, platform or even species, while
evading the technical difficulties when performing meta-analysis directly 
on the marker-level association data.

<<echo=TRUE,print=FALSE,eval=FALSE,message=FALSE,warning=FALSE,results=hide>>=
###########################################################
## Assume there are three MSEA objects passed down by 
## ssea.finish()
# job.metamsea = list()
# job.metamsea$job1 = job.msea1
# job.metamsea$job2 = job.msea2
# job.metamsea$job3 = job.msea3
# job.metamsea = ssea.meta(job.metamsea,"meta_label",
# "meta_folder")
###########################################################
@

\subsection{Weighted key driver analysis (wKDA)}

wKDA aims to pinpoint key regulator genes (or key drivers) of the disease
related gene sets using gene network topology and edge weight information.
In specific, wKDA first screen the network for candidate hub genes. Then 
the disease gene-sets are overlaid onto the subnetworks of the candidate
hubs to identify key drivers whose neighbors are enriched with disease genes.

<<echo=TRUE,print=FALSE,eval=FALSE,message=FALSE,warning=FALSE,results=hide>>=
###########################################################
job.kda <- list()
job.kda$label<-"HDLC"
## parent folder for results
job.kda$folder<-"./Results"
## Input a network
## columns: TAIL HEAD WEIGHT
job.kda$netfile <- system.file("extdata", "network.mouseliver.mouse.txt", 
package="Mergeomics")
## Gene sets derived from ModuleMerge, containing two columns,
## MODULE, NODE, delimited by tab 
job.kda$modfile<- system.file("extdata", 
"mergedModules.txt", package="Mergeomics")
## Annotation file for the gene sets
## if module or pathway annotation is not available, skip this:
job.kda$inffile<-system.file("extdata", 
"mergedModules.info.txt", package="Mergeomics")
## "0" means we do not consider edge weights while 1 is 
## opposite.
job.kda$edgefactor<-0.5 ## default value
## The searching depth for the KDA
job.kda$depth<-1 ## default value
## "0" means we do not consider the directions of the 
## regulatory interactions
## while 1 is opposite.
job.kda$direction<-0 ## default value
## Let us run KDA!
job.kda <- kda.configure(job.kda)
job.kda <- kda.start(job.kda)
job.kda <- kda.prepare(job.kda)
job.kda <- kda.analyze(job.kda)
job.kda <- kda.finish(job.kda)
###########################################################
@

\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Summary result of wKDA}
\label{wKDAres}
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
\hline \textbf{Key Drivers} & \textbf{MODULES} & \textbf{Pvalues} & 
\textbf{FDRs} & \textbf{Descriptions}\\
\hline Itih4 & 4932,.. & 2.90E-14 & 0.00\% & 4932:liver \\
\hline Clstn3 & 136 & 6.92E-14 & 0.00\% & 136:liver \\
\hline Pmvk & 4407 & 1.40E-13 & 0.00\% & 4407:liver \\
\hline Acss2 & 4407 & 1.54E-13 & 0.00\% & 4407:liver \\
\hline Gpam & 4407 & 3.82E-13 & 0.00\% & 4407:liver \\
\hline Aqp8 & 4407 & 8.26E-13 & 0.00\% & 4407:liver \\
\hline Itih4 & 5099 & 1.56E-12 & 0.00\% & 5099:liver \\
\hline Lpin1 & 4084 & 2.21E-12 & 0.00\% & 4084:liver
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsection{Network visualization}
For the current version, we generate Cytoscape-ready 
(http://www.cytoscape.org/) input files to visualize the network of key 
driver (KD) genes. Cytoscape-ready files are generated for illustrating 
either the neighborhoods of top five KDs of each module or the neighborhoods
of a particular gene (node) list. By default, log files for each module's
top five KDs' neighborhoods are prepared. Number of the top KDs can be 
specified by the user. Node and edge list files are created separately 
for Cytoscape. Additionally, top key driver name list for each module and
color map of the modules are logged in the relevant files. kda2cytoscape
function provides users:

\begin{itemize}
\item To illustrate top five KD neighborhoods for the modules, whose 
pathway or module name is listed within ``modules'' parameter (all modules 
are selected by default),
\item To specify a particular number of KDs for each module with ``ndrivers''
(default value is five),
\item To search and illustrate the neighborhoods of a given node list with 
``node.list'' parameter (default value is NULL; if this is not specified by
the user, top 5 KDs of each module and their neighborhoods will be 
illustrated; if ``node.list'' parameter is specified, it will be prioritized
rather than top 5 KDs illustration),
\item To examine the KD neighborhoods for a given depth (default depth is 1;
hence, only the directly connected neighbor nodes of key drivers are taken 
into account).
\end{itemize}

<<echo=TRUE,print=FALSE,eval=FALSE,message=FALSE,warning=FALSE,results=hide>>=
###########################################################
## run following line after finishing the KDA process
## i.e., after the kda.finish() function concluded
job.kda <- kda2cytoscape (job.kda, node.list=NULL, 
modules=NULL, ndrivers=5, depth=1)
###########################################################
@ 

Generated file names and their descriptions are given below:

\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{kda2cytoscape.top.kds.txt:} Top KDs of the modules are listed 
in this file. Number of the key drivers can be set by user with ``ndrivers''
parameter.
\item \textbf{kda2cytoscape.edges.txt:} Edge lists of the generated graph. 
This file should be imported as network within the Cytoscape.
\item \textbf{kda2cytoscape.nodes.txt:} Node lists of the generated graph. 
This file includes the optional formatting information for the nodes of the
graph. It should be imported as node table within the Cytoscape. 
Field/attribute list provided for each node is as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item NODE: gene symbol
\item LABEL: node label (same as above)
\item COLOR: background color of the node, it also shows the module
membership of the node. If a node is member of multiple modules/pathways, 
only one color among them will be assigned as background color, but in the
URL field this multiple module membership will be represented by a pie chart
(node is divided into several sectors to show the multi-membership of the
node). If a node is not a member for any of the pathways, the color will
be ``grey''
\item SIZE: size of the node. If the node is a KD it will be twice larger 
than ordinary nodes. 
\item SHAPE: shape of the node. If the node is a KD, it will be in 
diamond-shape, otherwise it is illustrated with circle. 
\item URL: pie chart created by Google chart tools. If the node is member of 
multiple modules, node circle will be divided as a pie chart and colored 
by the module colors it belongs to
\item LABELSIZE: text size of the node. If the node is a KD, its font size 
will be larger than ordinary nodes.
\end{itemize}
\item \textbf{module.color.mapping.txt:} Color mapping for the modules, i.e. 
one color is assigned to each module.
\end{itemize}

An example graph for top 5 KDs\textquoteright neighborhoods of a given pathway
is illustrated in Figure 1. Different colors represent 
modules/pathways, while the larger nodes are the key driver genes.

Note that: SHAPE feature is not used in the Cytoscape in Fig 1. All the 
listed attributes for nodes are optional.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=6in]{top5KDs}
\caption{The key driver gene subnetwork}
\label{top5KDnets}
\end{figure}

\section{Citation}
If you use Mergeomics in published work, please cite: Shu L, Zhao Y, 
Kurt Z, Byars S, Tukiainen T, Kettunen J, Ripatti S, Zhang B, Inouye M,
Makinen VP, Yang X. Mergeomics: integration of diverse genomics resources 
to identify pathogenic perturbations to biological systems. 

bioRxiv doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/036012.

\section{References}

[1] Willer CJ, Schmidt EM, Sengupta S, Peloso GM, Gustafsson S, et al. (2013)
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